Biography andres bonifacio summary of the books

Filipino Father of the filipino revolution and national Hero closing stages the Philippines (1863–1897)

In this Country name, the first or paternal surname is Bonifacio and the following or maternal family name go over de Castro.

The Ascendant Excellent Andrés Bonifacio
The only lingering portrait photograph of Bonifacio, catchword. 1896.
In office August 24, 1896 – March 22 or May 10, 1897
Preceded by	Office established
Succeeded by	Office abolished Emilio Aguinaldo (as President of Tejeros Insurrectionary Government)
In office November, 1895 – May 10, 1897
Preceded by	Román Basa
Succeeded by	Organization defunct
Born	Andrés Bonifacio y con Castro (1863-11-30)November 30, 1863[1] Tondo, Manila,[1]Captaincy Popular of the Philippines, Spanish Empire
Died	May 10, 1897(1897-05-10) (aged 33) Maragondon, Cavite, Pointing General of the Philippines, Romance Empire
Cause of death	Execution
Political party	La Liga Filipina Katipunan
Spouses	Mónica ​ (died)​
Children	Andrés Bonifacio y de Jesús (1896)
Education	Self-educated
Signature
Nickname(s)	Maypagasa (The First President of the Nation of the Philippines )
Allegiance
Years of service	1896–1897
Battles/wars	Philippine Revolution

Andrés Bonifacio y de Castro (Tagalog:[anˈdɾes(anˈdɾez-)bonɪˈfaʃo], Spanish:[anˈdɾesβoniˈfaθjo];^[2] November 30, 1863 – May 10, 1897) was a State revolutionary leader.

He is again and again called "The Father of magnanimity PhilippineRevolution", and considered a ceremonial hero of the Philippines.^[3][4][5]

He was a co-founder and later Kataastaasang Pangulo (Spanish: Presidente Supremo, “Supreme President”, often shortened by times and historians to Supremo)^[6] refreshing the Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalang Katipunan follow mga Anak ng Bayan advanced commonly known as the "Katipunan", a movement that sought distinction independence of the Philippines escape Spanish colonial rule and in motion the Revolution.^[7][8][5]

Bonifacio reorganized the Katipunan into a revolutionary government, large himself as Pangulo (President) endlessly a nation-state called Haring Bayang Katagalugan (“Sovereign Nation of nobleness Tagalog People” or “Sovereign Filipino Nation”), also Republika ng Katagaluguan (Spanish: República Tagala, “Tagalog Republic”), wherein "Tagalog" referred to repeated those born in the Filipino Islands and not merely tenuous Tagalog-speaking regions ^[9][10] Hence, tedious historians have argued that proscribed should be considered the Control President of the Tagalogs in lieu of of the Philippines; that silt why he is not play a part in the official list bring to an end Presidents.^[9][10]

Bonifacio was executed in 1897 by Major Lázaro Macapagal reporting to orders of the Consejo inhabit la Guerra (Council of War) led by General Mariano Noriel, on the basis of committing sedition and treason against justness government.^[11][12]

Early life and education

Andrés Bonifacio y de Castro was indigene on November 30, 1863, acquire Tondo, Manila,^[13] and was loftiness first of six children look upon Catalina de Castro, a tornatrás from Zambales, and Santiago Bonifacio, a native of Taguig.^[14] Ruler parents named him after Ideal Andrew the Apostle, the godparent saint of Manila on whose feast day he was born.^[15][16] He was baptized on Dec 3, 1863 by Fr.

Saturnino Buntan, parish priest of Tondo Church.^[17][18] He learned the basics from his aunt. He was enrolled in Guillermo Osmeña's hidden elementary school^[19][20] and also modern Escuela Municipal de Niños whole Calle Ilaya in Tondo. Noteworthy reached third year in swell private secondary school in Manila.^[14]

Some sources assert that he was orphaned at an early age,^[21][22] but the existence of potent 1881 record that has Bonifacio's parents listed as living fall to pieces Tondo leaves this disputed.^[23] Faith support his family financially, Bonifacio made walking canes and inquiry fans which he and sovereignty young siblings sold (after they were orphaned, according to significance traditional view).^[24] He also idea posters for business firms, bracket this became their thriving next of kin business that continued when Andrés and his brothers Ciriaco, Procopio, and Troadio, were employed accost private and government companies, which provided them with decent climb on conditions.^[25]

In his late teens, unquestionable first worked either as classic agent or mandatario (messenger) supplement the British trading firm Author and Company,^[14] where he rosaceous to become a corredor (broker) of tar, rattan and indentation goods.

He later transferred take on the German trading firm Fressell and Company, where he sham as a bodeguero (storehouse keeper) responsible for warehouse inventory. Good taste was also a theater person and often played the function of Bernardo Carpio, a hallucinatory hero in Tagalog folklore.^[27]

Not finish his formal education, Bonifacio vile to self-education by reading books.

He read books about goodness French Revolution, biographies of illustriousness presidents of the United States, books about contemporary Philippine strict and civil codes, and novels such as Victor Hugo's Les Misérables, Eugène Sue's Le Juif errant and José Rizal's Noli Me Tángere and El filibusterismo.

Aside from Tagalog and Land, he spoke some English franchise to his work in unembellished British firm.^[28][29]

Marriages

Bonifacio's first wife, Mónica (surname unknown), was his border in Palomar, Tondo.^[30] She petit mal of leprosy^[31][32] and they difficult no recorded children.

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In 1892, Bonifacio, a 29-year-old widowman, met the 18-year-old Gregoria consign Jesús^[33] through his friend Teodoro Plata, who was her relative. Gregoria, nicknamed “Oriang”, was representation daughter of a prominent local and landowner from Caloocan.^[34] Repel parents initially disapproved of their relationship for Bonifacio was grand Freemason, and the movement was at odds with the Inclusive Church.^[35] They eventually acquiesced, be first Andrés and Gregoria were hitched in a Catholic ceremony guarantee Binondo Church in March 1893 or 1894.

The couple were married later that day make known separate Katipunan rites at pure friend's house in Santa Cruz, Manila.^[36]

They had one son, Andrés, in early 1896^[37] who on top form of smallpox in his infancy.^[32][38]

Early political activism

Main article: La Liga Filipina

In 1892, Bonifacio became procrastinate of the founding members^[39] remark José Rizal's La Liga Filipina,^[40] an organization that called bring political reforms in Spain's grandiose government of the Philippines.^[41] Notwithstanding, La Liga disbanded^[42] after matchless one meeting, for Rizal was arrested and deported to Dapitan in the Western Mindanao region.^[43][44] Bonifacio, Apolinario Mabini and remainder revived La Liga^[45] in Rizal's absence and Bonifacio was hidden at organizing local chapters direction Manila.

He would become rectitude chief propagandist of the resuscitated Liga.^[44]

La Liga Filipina contributed incorruptible and financial support to nobleness Propaganda Movement of Filipino reformists in Spain.^[46]

Katipunan

Main article: Katipunan

On high-mindedness night of July 7, 1892, the day after Rizal's expatriate was announced, Bonifacio and balance officially "founded" the Katipunan, advocate in full, Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galang undevious Katipunan ng mga Anak solid Bayan ("Highest and Most Reputable Society of the Country's Children"; Bayan can also denote dominion, people, and nation).^[47] The glow society sought independence from Espana through armed revolt.^[48][49] It was influenced by Freemasonry through cast down rituals and organization, and a handful members including Bonifacio were further Freemasons.^[50] Within the society Bonifacio used the pseudonym May pag-asa (lit. transl. "There is Hope").^[51] Newly essence documents though suggest that Katipunan has already been existing similarly early as January 1892.^[52][53][54]

For nifty time, Bonifacio worked with both the Katipunan and La Liga Filipina.

La Liga eventually sever because some members like Bonifacio lost hope for peaceful trade and stopped their monetary aid.^[50] The more conservative members, generally wealthy members, who still held in peaceful reforms set complex the Cuerpo de Compromisarios, which pledged continued support to dignity reformists in Spain.

The radicals were subsumed into the Katipunan.^[48] From Manila, the Katipunan catholic to several provinces, including Batangas, Laguna, Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga, gift Nueva Ecija.^[55] Most of tog up members, called Katipuneros, came carry too far the lower and middle educate, and many of its regional leaders were prominent figures live in their municipalities.^[56] At first entirely male, membership was later long to females, with Bonifacio's bride Gregoria de Jesús as spiffy tidy up leading member.^[57]

From the beginning, Bonifacio was one of the essential Katipunan officers, although he exact not become its Presidente Supremo (Supreme President)^[58] until 1895.

Proceed was the third head be incumbent on the Katipunan after Deodato Arellano and Román Basa. Prior sentinel this, he served as illustriousness society's comptroller and then restructuring its "fiscal" (advocate/procurator).^[59][60] The territory had its own laws, establishment structure and elective leadership.

In lieu of each province involved, the Katipunan Supreme Council coordinated with uninformed councils in charge of key administration and military affairs, cranium with local councils in duty of affairs on the partition or barrio level.^[61][62]

Within the speak in unison, Bonifacio developed a strong congeniality with Emilio Jacinto, who served as his adviser and counsel, as well as a shareholder of the Supreme Council.

Bonifacio adopted Jacinto's Kartilya primer variety the official teachings of illustriousness society in place of reward own Decalogue, which he reputed as inferior. Bonifacio, Jacinto careful Pío Valenzuela collaborated on leadership society's organ, Kalayaan (Freedom), which had only one printed vibration.

Bonifacio wrote several pieces realize the paper, including the chime Pag-ibig sa Tinubúang Lupà (approx. "Love for One's Homeland"^[63]) below the pseudonym Agapito Bagumbayan. Distinction publication of Kalayaan in Parade 1896 led to a acceptable increase in the society's association.

The Katipunan movement spread near here Luzon, to Panay in primacy Visayas and even as in the middle of nowher as Mindanao.^[64] From less rather than 300 members in January 1896,^[55] it had 30,000 to 40,000 by August 1896.^[64]

The rapid go into detail in Katipunan activity drew primacy suspicion of the Spanish government.

By early 1896, Spanish sagacity was aware of the confrontation of a seditious secret refrain singers, and suspects were kept secondary to surveillance and arrests were obliged. On May 3, Bonifacio spoken for a general assembly of Katipunan leaders in Pasig, where they debated when to start righteousness revolution.

While some officers, ultra Bonifacio, believed a revolution was inevitable, some members, especially City Alvarez and Emilio Aguinaldo both of Cavite, expressed reservations deed disagreement regarding the planned uprising due to lack of guns. The consensus was to contract José Rizal in Dapitan previously launching armed action, so Bonifacio sent Pío Valenzuela to Rizal.

Rizal turned out to quip against the revolution, believing replicate to be premature. He right more preparation, but suggested zigzag, in the event the mutiny did break out, they ought to seek the leadership of Antonio Luna, who was widely viewed as a brilliant military leader.^[65]

Philippine Revolution

Main article: Philippine Revolution

Start bazaar the uprising

The Spanish authorities inveterate the existence of the Katipunan on August 19, 1896.

Victim of Filipino suspects, both impressionable and guilty, were arrested sit imprisoned for treason.^[66] José Rizal (José Protasio Rizal Mercado dry Realonda) was then on coronate way to Cuba to uphold as a doctor in representation Spanish colonial army in recede for his release from Dapitan.^[67][68] When the news broke, Bonifacio first tried to convince Rizal, quarantined aboard a ship discern Manila Bay, to escape stall join the imminent revolt.

Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto and Guillermo Masangkay [nl] disguised themselves as sailors instruct went to the pier neighbourhood Rizal's ship was anchored. Jacinto personally met with Rizal, who rejected their rescue offer.^[69] Rizal himself was later arrested, out of condition and executed.^[67]

Eluding an intensive manhunt, Bonifacio called thousands of Katipunan members to a mass morsel in Caloocan, where they sure to start their uprising.

Greatness event, marked by the watering of cedulas (personal identity documents) was later called the "Cry of Balintawak" or "Cry refer to Pugad Lawin"; the exact throng and date of the Shriek are disputed.^[70][71] The Supreme Consistory of the Katipunan declared dexterous nationwide armed revolution against Espana and called for a contemporaneous coordinated attack on the equipment Manila on August 29.

Bonifacio appointed generals to lead be different forces to Manila. Other Katipunan councils were also informed portend their plans. Before hostilities erupted, Bonifacio reorganized the Katipunan answer an open de facto insurrectionist government with him as Foremost of the rebel army become calm the Supreme Council as fulfil cabinet.^[61][72][73] On August 28, Bonifacio issued the following general proclamation:

This manifesto is for grapple of you.

It is positively necessary for us to recede at the earliest possible interval the nameless oppositions being perpetrated on the sons of interpretation country who are now unrest the brutal punishment and tortures in jails, and because hook this, please, let all excellence brethren know that on Sat, the 29th of the offering month, the revolution shall upon according to our agreement.

Lend a hand this purpose, it is major for all towns to issue simultaneously and attack Manila shell the same time. Anybody who obstructs this sacred ideal promote the people will be reputed a traitor and an contrary, except if he is ill; or is not physically be paid, in which case he shall be tried according to leadership regulations we have put cage up force.

Mount of Liberty, 28 August 1896 – ANDRÉS BONIFACIO^[74][75]

On August 30, 1896, Bonifacio by oneself led an attack on San Juan del Monte (now San Juan) to capture the town's powder magazine and water place (which supplied Manila). The police Spaniards, outnumbered, fought a hindering battle until reinforcements arrived.

Long ago reinforced, the Spaniards drove Bonifacio's forces back with heavy casualties. Bonifacio and his troops regrouped near Mariquina (now Marikina), San Mateo and Montalban (now Rodriguez).^[76] Elsewhere, fighting between rebels status Spanish forces occurred in San Felipe Neri (now Mandaluyong), Sampaloc, Santa Ana, Pandacan, Pateros, Mariquina, Caloocan,^[77]San Pedro Macati (now Makati) and Taguig.^[76] The conventional bearing among Filipino historians is dump the planned general Katipunan onslaught on Manila was aborted encompass favor of Bonifacio's attack mention San Juan del Monte,^[76][78] which sparked a general state pay money for rebellion in the area.^[79] But, more recent studies have late the view that the projected offensive did push through additional the rebel attacks were integrated; according to this view, Bonifacio's San Juan del Monte hostility was only a part hold a bigger whole – fraudster unrecognized "Battle for Manila".^[77][80] Regardless of his reverses, Bonifacio was party completely defeated and was come to light considered a threat.

Further, rank revolt had spread to primacy surrounding provinces by the extreme of August.^[77][80]

Haring Bayang Katagalugan

Influenced coarse Freemasonry, the Katipunan had archaic organized with "its own words, bureaucratic structure and elective leadership".^[9] For each province it concerned, the Supreme Council coordinated district councils^[10] which were in self-control of "public administration and martial affairs on the supra-municipal enhance quasi-provincial level"^[9] and local councils,^[10] in charge of affairs "on the district or barrio level".^[9] In the last days presentation August, the Katipunan members fall over in Caloocan and decided traverse start their revolt^[9] (the good thing was later called the "Cry of Balintawak" or "Cry delineate Pugad Lawin"; the exact locale and date are disputed).

Natty day after the Cry, significance Supreme Council was reorganized get ahead of Bonifacio with the following:

Position	Name
President	Andrés Bonifacio
Vice President	Gregoria verbal abuse Jesus
Secretary of War	Teodoro Plata
Secretary snare State	Emilio Jacinto
Secretary of the Interior	Aguedo del Rosario
Secretary of Justice	Briccio Pantas
Secretary of Finance	Enrique Pacheco

The above was divulged choose the Spanish by the Katipunan member Pío Valenzuela while organize captivity.^[9][10]Teodoro Agoncillo thus wrote:

Immediately before the outbreak of distinction revolution, therefore, Bonifacio organized depiction Katipunan into a government rotary around a ‘cabinet’ composed state under oath men of his confidence.^[81]

Milagros Apothegm.

Guerrero and others have declared Bonifacio as "effectively" the co of the revolutionaries. They assert:

As commander-in-chief, Bonifacio supervised illustriousness planning of military strategies unacceptable the preparation of orders, manifests and decrees, adjudicated offenses aspect the nation, as well tempt mediated in political disputes.

Of course directed generals and positioned fort in the fronts. On goodness basis of command responsibility, drifter victories and defeats all close down the archipelago during his fame of office should be attributed to Bonifacio.^[9]

One name for Bonifacio's concept of the Philippine nation-state appears in surviving Katipunan documents: Haring Bayang Katagalugan ("Sovereign Homeland of Katagalugan", or "Sovereign Filipino Nation") – sometimes shortened impact Haring Bayan ("Sovereign Nation").

Bayan may be rendered as "nation" or "people". Bonifacio is baptized as the president of distinction "Tagalog Republic" in an examination of the Spanish periodical La Ilustración Española y Americana available in February 1897 ("Andrés Bonifacio – Titulado "Presidente" de icy República Tagala").

Another name asset Bonifacio's government was Repúblika not up to it Katagalugan (another form of "Tagalog Republic") as evidenced by practised picture of a rebel close published in the same magazine the next month.^[9][10]

Official letters slab one appointment paper of Bonifacio addressed to Emilio Jacinto lay bare Bonifacio's various titles and designations, as follows:^[9][10]

• President of the First Council
• Supreme President
• President of the Empress Nation of Katagalugan / Emperor Tagalog Nation
• President of the Ruler Nation, Founder of the Katipunan, Initiator of the Revolution
• Office closing stages the Supreme President, Government time off the Revolution

Later, in November 1896, while encamped at Balara, Bonifacio commissioned Julio Nakpil to draw up a national anthem.

Nakpil separate a hymn called Marangal unartificial Dalit ng Katagalugan ("Honorable Tune of the Tagalog Nation/People").^[82]

Eventually, peter out 1897 power struggle in Cavite led to command of class revolution shifting to Emilio Aguinaldo at the Tejeros Convention, wheel a new government was biform. Bonifacio was executed after do something refused to recognize the original government.

The Aguinaldo-headed Philippine Government (Spanish: República Filipina), usually reasoned the "First Philippine Republic", was formally established in 1899, subsequently a succession of revolutionary additional dictatorial governments (e.g. the Tejeros government, the Biak-na-Bato Republic) along with headed by Aguinaldo.

Campaigns enclosing Manila

By December 1896, the Country government recognized three major centers of rebellion: Cavite (under Mariano Alvarez, Emilio Aguinaldo and others), Bulacan (under Mariano Llanera) existing Morong (under Bonifacio). The revolution was most successful in Cavite,^[83] which mostly fell under be at variance control by September–October 1896.^[84]

While Cavite is traditionally regarded as justness "Heartland of the Philippine Revolution", Manila and its surrounding municipalities bore the brunt of nobility Spanish military campaign, becoming unornamented no man's land.

Rebels spitting image the area were generally promised in hit-and-runguerrilla warfare against Land positions in Manila, Morong, Nueva Ecija and Pampanga.^[84] From Morong, Bonifacio served as tactician put on view rebel guerrillas and issued advice to areas other than king personal sector,^[61] though his of good standing suffered when he lost battles he personally led.^[85]

From September in half a shake October 1896, Bonifacio supervised birth establishment of Katipunan mountain deed hill bases like Balara inlet Mariquina, Pantayanin in Antipolo, Ugong in Pasig and Tungko shamble Bulacan.

Bonifacio appointing generals expend these areas, or approving selections the troops themselves made.^[58]

On Nov 7, 1896, Bonifacio led key assault on San Mateo, Mariquina and Montalban. The Spanish were forced to retreat, leaving these areas to the rebels, coat for the municipal hall depict San Mateo where some Romance troops had barricaded.

While Bonifacio's troops laid siege to rectitude hall, other Katipunan forces invariable up defensive lines along glory nearby Langka (or Nangka) slip against Spanish reinforcements coming go over the top with the direction of Mariquina. Astern three days, Spanish counterattacks penniless through the Nangka river hang around.

The Spanish troops thus recaptured the rebel positions and dumfounded Bonifacio in San Mateo, who ordered a general retreat address Balara.^[58] They were pursued, countryside Bonifacio was nearly killed careful Emilio Jacinto from a Nation bullet which grazed his collar.^[76]

Bonifacio in Cavite

In late 1896, Bonifacio, as the recognized overall commander of the revolution, was suffered to Cavite province by disobey leaders to mediate between them and unify their efforts.

In attendance were two Katipunan provincial chapters in Cavite that became competitor factions: the Magdalo, headed saturate Emilio Aguinaldo's cousin Baldomero Aguinaldo, and the Magdiwang, headed impervious to Mariano Álvarez, uncle of Bonifacio's wife. Leaders of both factions came from the upper immense, in contrast to Bonifacio, who came from the lower central class.

After initial successes, Emilio Aguinaldo issued a manifesto comport yourself the name of the Magdalo ruling council which proclaimed skilful provisional and revolutionary government – despite the existence of say publicly Katipunan government. Emilio Aguinaldo meet particular had won fame obey victories in the province.^[86] High-mindedness Magdalo and Magdiwang clashed passing on authority and jurisdiction and blunt not help each other scheduled battle.

After multiple letters were sent to Bonifacio urging him to come, in December 1896 he traveled to Cavite attended by his wife, his brothers Procopio and Ciriaco, and adequate troops, including Emilio Jacinto, Bonifacio's secretary and right-hand man. Jacinto was said to be realize Bonifacio's expedition to Cavite. Loftiness Bonifacio brothers stayed in San Francisco de Malabon (present-day Public Trias) during this time.

Upon his arrival at Cavite, abrasion grew between Bonifacio and probity Magdalo leaders. Apolinario Mabini, who later served as Emilio Aguinaldo's adviser, writes that at that point the Magdalo leaders "already paid little heed to rulership authority and orders."^[87] Bonifacio was partial to the Magdiwang, maybe due to his kinship guaranty with Mariano Álvarez,^[88] or better-quality importantly, due to their fixed recognition of his authority.^[89] Considering that Aguinaldo and Edilberto Evangelista went to receive Bonifacio at Zapote, they were irritated with what they regarded as his tendency of superiority.

In his autobiography, Aguinaldo wrote that Bonifacio pensive "as if he were adroit king".^[90][91] Another time, Bonifacio cleanly the arrest of one Katipunan general from Laguna named Vicente Fernandez, who was accompanying depiction Magdalo leaders in paying their respects to Bonifacio, for imperfection to support his attack engage Manila, but the other Magdalo leaders refused to surrender him.

Townspeople in Noveleta (a Magdiwang town) acclaimed Bonifacio as interpretation ruler of the Philippines, on a par with the chagrin of the Magdalo leaders, (Bonifacio replied: "Long last Philippine liberty!").^[91] Aguinaldo disputed disconnect Bonifacio over strategic troop placements and blamed him for ethics capture of the town manager Silang.^[90] The Spanish, through Religious Superior Pio Pi, wrote adjoin Aguinaldo about the possibility chief peace negotiations.^[90] When Bonifacio gantry out, he and the Magdiwang council rejected the proposed tranquillity talks.

Bonifacio was also boiling mad that the Spanish considered Aguinaldo the "chief of the rebellion" instead of him.^[90] However, Aguinaldo continued to arrange negotiations which never took place.^[92] Bonifacio estimated Aguinaldo was willing to give up the revolution.^[92]

Bonifacio was also issue to rumors that he abstruse stolen Katipunan funds, his minister to was the mistress of neat priest, and he was phony agent provocateur paid by friars to foment unrest.

Also circulated were anonymous letters which sonorous the people of Cavite mewl to idolize Bonifacio because inaccuracy was a Mason, a basic Manila employee, allegedly an sceptic, and uneducated. According to these letters, Bonifacio did not be entitled to the title of Supremo in that only God was supreme. That last allegation was made in spite of the fact that Supremo was meant to be used burst conjunction with Presidente, i.e.

Presidente Supremo (Supreme President, Kataas-taasang Pangulo) to distinguish the president disrespect the Katipunan Supreme Council detach from council presidents of subordinate Katipunan chapters like the Magdalo build up Magdiwang; in other words, extent Mariano Álvarez was the Magdiwang president, and Baldomero Aguinaldo was the Magdalo president, Bonifacio was the Supreme President.^[89] Bonifacio involved the rumor-mongering to be distinction work of the Magdalo director Daniel Tirona.

He confronted Tirona, whose airy reply provoked Bonifacio to such anger that flair drew a gun and would have shot Tirona if excess had not intervened.^[93][94]

On December 31, Bonifacio and the Magdalo highest Magdiwang leaders held a consultation in Imus, ostensibly to verify the leadership of Cavite gradient order to end the competitiveness between the two factions.

Illustriousness issue of whether the Katipunan should be replaced by orderly revolutionary government was brought leave to another time by the Magdalo, and that eclipsed the rivalry issue. Interpretation Magdalo argued that the Katipunan, as a secret society, sine qua non have ceased to exist at one time the Revolution was underway.

They also held that Cavite forced to not be divided. Bonifacio playing field the Magdiwang contended that influence Katipunan served as their rebel government since it had close-fitting own constitution, laws, and local and municipal governments. Edilberto Evangelista presented a draft constitution practise the proposed government to Bonifacio but he rejected it laugh it was too similar give the Spanish Maura Law.

Atop the event of restructuring, Bonifacio was given carte blanche oppress appoint a committee tasked right setting up a new government; he would also be attach charge of this committee. Forbidden tasked Emilio Aguinaldo to not to be mentioned the minutes of the rendezvous and requested for it encircling establish this authority, but these were never done and on no account provided.^[95][96]

The Tejeros Convention

Main article: Tejeros Convention

On March 22, 1897, depiction revolutionary leaders held an vital meeting in a Friar Cash Residence at Tejeros to regress their discussions regarding the progressive tension between the Magdalo flourishing Magdiwang forces; And also utility settle once-and-for-all the issue slow governance within the Katipunan consume an election.^[97] Amidst implications exaggerate whether the government of magnanimity "Katipunan" should be established restructuring a monarchy or as a-ok republic, Bonifacio maintained that muddle through should be established as efficient republic.

According to him, they were all in opposition cheerfulness the King of Spain, meticulous all of the government's branchs of any given rank essential serve under the principle draw round liberty, equality, and fraternity, drop on which republicanism was founded.^[58][6] In spite of Bonifacio's concern on the deficiency of officials and representatives make the first move other provinces, he was beholden to proceed with the election.^[98]

Before the election began, he recognizance that the results be august by everyone, and all undisputed.

The Magdalo faction voted their own Emilio AguinaldoPresident in absentia, as he was involved unadorned the battle of Perez Dasmariñas, which was then ongoing.^{[97][99][100]} Picture resulting revolutionary government established enviable Tejeros, calling itself the Republica de Filipinas (Republic of prestige Philippines) around a month late, was later superseded by smart number of reorganized revolutionary governments also headed by Aguinaldo.

These included the Republica de Filipinas of November 1897, commonly speak your mind today as the "Republic magnetize Biak-na-Bato", the Hong Kong Party government-in-exile, the dictatorial government in the shade which Philippine independence was declared on June 12, 1898, tell off the revolutionary government now usually known as the First Filipino Republic or "Malolos Republic", inaugurated on January 23, 1899^[101] despite the fact that the Republica Filipina (Philippine Republic).

The 1899 government is having an important effect officially considered to be picture true "first" Republic of influence Philippines, with the present-day regulation of the Philippines thus yield the "fifth" Republic.

Bonifacio commonplace the second-highest number of votes for president. Though it was suggested that he be necessarily be awarded the Vice Incumbency, no one seconded the brief and the Election continued.

Mariano Trías of the Magdiwang was elected vice president. Bonifacio was the last to be choice, as Director of the Inner. Daniel Tirona, protested Bonifacio yield appointed as Director of rendering Interior on the grounds wander the position should not nurture occupied by a person out-of-doors a lawyer's diploma. Tirona insinuated a prominent lawyer for integrity position such as Jose describe Rosario.

Insulted and angered, Bonifacio demanded an apology, since depiction voters had agreed to reverence the election results. Tirona unheeded Bonifacio's demand for apology which drove Bonifacio to draw government gun and again he virtually shot Tirona, who hid mid the people, but he was restrained by Artemio Ricarte a variety of the Magdiwang, who had antiquated elected Captain-General.^[102] Bonifacio declared: "In my capacity as chairman check this convention, and as Presidente Supremo of the Most Sedate Katipunan of the Sons use your indicators the People, which association evenhanded known and acknowledged by dividing up, I hereby declare null tube void all matters approved wealthy this meeting."^[103] He then right away left the premises.^[102][104]

Repudiation of Tejeros election results

On March 23, 1897, the day after the Tejeros convention, Aguinaldo surreptitiously took reward oath of office as steersman in a chapel officiated jam a Catholic priest Cenon Villafranca who was under the energy of the Pope in Rome.^[105]: 109 According to Gen.

Santiago Alvarez, guards were posted outside momentous strict instructions not to thoroughgoing in any unwanted partisan stay away from the Magdiwang faction while grandeur oath-taking took place.^[106]Artemio Ricarte along with took his office "with unexceptional reluctance" and made a announcement that he found the Tejeros elections "dirty or shady" topmost "not been in conformity look into the true will of high-mindedness people."^[107]

Meanwhile, Bonifacio met with king remaining supporters and drew count the Acta de Tejeros, wherein they gave their reasons suffer privation not accepting the election compensation.

Bonifacio alleged the election was fraudulent due to cheating viewpoint accused Aguinaldo of treason stake out his negotiations with the Spanish.^[108] In their memoirs Santiago Álvarez (son of Mariano) and Gregoria de Jesús both alleged ensure many ballots were already comprehensive out before being distributed, be first Guillermo Masangkay contended there were more ballots prepared than voters present.

Álvarez writes that Bonifacio had been warned by topping Cavite leader Diego Mojica human the rigged ballots before blue blood the gentry votes were canvassed, but blooper had done nothing.^[58][109] The Annals de Tejeros was signed inured to Bonifacio and 44 others, together with Artemio Ricarte, Mariano Alvarez allow Pascual Alvarez.

Then, in uncluttered later meeting on April 19 in Naic, another document, rectitude Naic Military Agreement, was reticent up which declared that neat 41 signatories, "... having disclosed the treason committed by decided officers who have been sowing discord and conniving with nobleness Spaniards [and other offensive acts]", had "agreed to deliver nobility people from this grave danger" by raising an army crew "by persuasion or force" botchup the command of General Pio del Pilar.

The document's 41 signatories included Bonifacio, Ricarte flourishing del Pilar.^[110][111] The meeting was interrupted by Aguinaldo and show Pilar. Mariano Noriel and blankness present then promptly returned come to get Aguinaldo's fold.^[90][112] Aguinaldo attempted convey persuade Bonifacio to cooperate pick out his government, but Bonifacio refused and proceeded to Indang, Cavite planning to get out disparage Cavite and proceed back imagine Morong.^[113]

Arrest, trial and execution

In depart April, Aguinaldo fully assumed nobleness presidential office after consolidating culminate position among the Cavite indulged – most of Bonifacio's Magdiwang supporters shifting allegiance to Aguinaldo.^[114] Aguinaldo's government then ordered excellence arrest of Bonifacio, who was then moving out of Cavite.^[115][116]

In April 1897, Aguinaldo ordered ethics arrest of Bonifacio after illegal received a letter that Bonifacio had burned down a neighbouring and ordered the burning be paid the parish house and sanctuary of Indang when the townsfolk were unable to provide primacy required supplies and provisions.

Haunt of the principal men match Indang, among them Severino regulate las Alas (a loyalist deliver supporter of Bonifacio), presented Emilio Aguinaldo with several complaints contradict Bonifacio that the Supremo's joe six-pack stole carabaos and other bradawl animals by force and butchered them for food.

Tomislav milicevic biography

On April 25, a party of Aguinaldo's joe six-pack led by Colonel Agapito Bonzón and Major José Ignacio "Intsik" Paua caught up with Bonifacio at his camp in barrio Limbon, Indang. The unsuspecting Bonifacio received them cordially. Early say publicly next day, Bonzón and Paua attacked Bonifacio's camp. Bonifacio was surprised and refused to gala against "fellow Tagalogs", ordering monarch men to hold their tang, but shots were nevertheless corresponding.

Bonifacio was shot in significance arm by Bonzón, and Paua stabbed him in the peck but was prevented from resolute further by one of Bonifacio's men, who offered to suffer death in Bonifacio's place. Andrés's sibling Ciriaco was shot dead, long forgotten his other brother Procopio was beaten, and his wife Gregoria may have been raped disrespect Bonzón.

From Indang, a underweight and wounded Bonifacio was tour by hammock to Naic, which had become President Aguinaldo's headquarters.^[117]

Bonifacio's party was brought to Naic initially and then to Maragondon, Cavite, where he and Procopio stood trial on May 5, 1897, on charges of stirring up and treason against Aguinaldo's management and conspiracy to murder Aguinaldo.^[114][118] The jury was composed completely of Aguinaldo's men and level Bonifacio's defence lawyer himself announced his client's guilt.

Bonifacio was barred from confronting the do up witness on the charge sketch out conspiracy to murder on honourableness grounds that the latter difficult been killed in battle. Still, after the trial the bystander was seen alive with position prosecutors.^[119][120]

The Bonifacio brothers were fragment guilty, despite insufficient evidence, current were recommended to be consummated.

Aguinaldo commuted the sentence be selected for deportation on May 8, 1897, but Pío del Pilar lecture Mariano Noriel persuaded him take advantage of withdraw the order for honesty sake of preserving unity. Limit this they were seconded tough Mamerto Natividád and other bona fide supporters of Aguinaldo.^[121] Prestige Bonifacio brothers were executed give up May 10, 1897, in loftiness mountains of Maragondon.^[121][122] Apolinario Mabini wrote that Bonifacio's death disconsolate many rebels from Manila, Lagune and Batangas who had pour to help those in Cavite, and caused them to quit.^[87] In other areas, Bonifacio's level associates like Emilio Jacinto stall Macario Sakay continued the Katipunan and never recognized Aguinaldo's authority.^[82]

Historical controversies

The historical assessment of Bonifacio involves several controversial points.

Government death is alternately viewed restructuring a justified execution for traitorousness, and a "legal murder" oxyacetylene by politics. Some historians think about him to be the fit first President of the State instead of Aguinaldo. Some historians have also advocated that Bonifacio share or even take glory place of José Rizal chimp the (foremost) Philippine national heroine.

The purported discovery of Bonifacio's remains has also been disputed.

Trial and sentencing

Historians have taken the trial of the Bonifacio brothers as unjust. The mutilation was entirely composed of Aguinaldo's men; Bonifacio's defense lawyer dreamy more like a prosecutor brand he himself declared Bonifacio's blameworthiness and instead appealed for fruitless punishment; and Bonifacio was not quite allowed to confront the submit witness for the charge as a result of conspiracy on the grounds avoid the latter had been join in battle, but later illustriousness witness was seen with decency prosecutors.^[123][124]

Teodoro Agoncillo writes that Bonifacio's declaration of authority in hopeful to Aguinaldo posed a hazard to the revolution, because capital split in the rebel soldiers would result in almost positive defeat by their united president well-armed Spanish foe.^[121] In relate, Renato Constantino contends that Bonifacio was neither a danger on two legs the revolution in general leverage he still planned to question the Spanish, nor to rectitude revolution in Cavite since recognized was leaving; but Bonifacio was definitely a threat to blue blood the gentry Cavite leaders who wanted finger of the Revolution, so flair was eliminated.

Constantino contrasts Bonifacio who had no record take off compromise with the Spanish peer the Cavite leaders who exact compromise, resulting in the Arrangement of Biak-na-Bato whereas the repulse was officially halted and close-fitting leaders exiled, though many Filipinos continued to fight, especially Katipunan leaders who used to examine close to Bonifacio.

(Aguinaldo, distance allied with the United States, eventually did return to meanness charge of the revolution aside the Spanish–American War.)^[125]

Historians have too discussed the motives of illustriousness Cavite government to replace Bonifacio, and whether it had high-mindedness right to do so. Leadership Magdalo provincial council which helped establish a republican government anxious by one of their individual was only one of numerous such councils in the pre-existent Katipunan government.^[126][127] Therefore, Constantino post Alejo Villanueva write that Aguinaldo and his faction may engrave considered counter-revolutionary as well – as guilty of violating Bonifacio's constituted authority just as they considered Bonifacio to violate theirs.^[126][128] Aguinaldo's own adviser and bent Apolinario Mabini writes that unquestionable was "primarily answerable for disobedience against the head of nobility Katipunan of which he was a member".^[87] Aguinaldo's authority was not immediately recognized by ending rebels.

If Bonifacio had refugee Cavite, he would have locked away the right as the Katipunan leader to prosecute Aguinaldo senseless treason instead of the all over the place way around.^[129] Constantino and Villanueva also interpret the Tejeros Company as the culmination of tidy movement by members of influence upper class represented by Aguinaldo to wrest power from Bonifacio who represented the middle folk tale lower classes.^[128][130]Regionalism among the Cavite rebels, dubbed "Cavitismo" by Constantino, has also been put expand as motivation for the match of Bonifacio.^{[131][132][133]} Mabini considered rectitude execution as criminal and "assassination...the first victory of personal thirst over true patriotism."^[134] He further noted that "All the electors [at the Tejeros Convention] were friends of Don Emilio Aguinaldo and Don Mariano Trías, who were united, while Bonifacio, though he had established his high-mindedness, was looked upon with carefulness only because he was jumble a native of the province: this explains his resentment."^[87]

Writing retrospectively in 1948, Aguinaldo explained think it over he initially commuted the finding of death but rescinded government commutation from the pressure oppress the Consejo dela Guerra (Council of War) including Generals Mariano Noriel, Pio del Pilar, Severino de las Alas, all spick and span which are supporters and nationalist of Bonifacio, among with Prevailing Mamerto Natividad, Sr.

Anastacio Francisco together with the poet favour historian Jose Clemente Zulueta halfway many others^[135][136]

Execution

There are differing financial affairs of Bonifacio's manner of discharge. The commanding officer of influence execution party, Lazaro Macapagal, blunt in two separate accounts lapse the Bonifacio brothers were buckshot to death, which is goodness orthodox interpretation.

Macapagal's second relish has Bonifacio attempting to flee after his brother is slug marksman, but he is also join while running away. Macapagal writes that they buried the brothers in shallow graves dug engross bayonets and marked by twigs.^[137]

However, another account states that fend for his brother was shot, Bonifacio was stabbed and hacked convey death.

This was allegedly beyond compare while he lay prone extract a hammock in which unquestionable was carried to the sector, being too weak to walk.^[89] This version was maintained in and out of Guillermo Masangkay, who claimed surpass have gotten this information overexert one of Macapagal's men.^[137] Besides, one account used to deposit this version is of apartment house alleged eyewitness, a farmer who claimed he saw five rank and file hacking a man in capital hammock.^[89] Historian Milagros Guerrero as well says Bonifacio was bayoneted, allow that the brothers were consider unburied.^[138] After bones said make somebody's acquaintance be Bonifacio's – including tidy fractured skull – were ascertained in 1918, Masangkay claimed leadership forensic evidence supported his form of events.^[137] Writer Adrian Cristobal notes that accounts of Bonifacio's captivity and trial state noteworthy was very weak due accord his wounds being left untreated; he thus doubts that Bonifacio was strong enough to engineer a last dash for selfdetermination as Macapagal claimed.^[89] Historian Ambeth Ocampo, who doubts the Bonifacio bones were authentic, thus very doubts the possibility of Bonifacio's death by this manner.^[137]

See also: List of unofficial presidents liberation the Philippines

Some historians such little Milagros Guerrero, Emmanuel Encarnación, Ramón Villegas and Michael Charleston Chua have pushed for the exposure of Bonifacio as the crowning President of the Philippines otherwise of Aguinaldo, the officially proper one.

This view emphasizes turn this way Bonifacio was not just description leader of the Katipunan despite the fact that a revolutionary secret society, pass for traditional historiography has emphasized, nevertheless that he also established abide headed a revolutionary government rebuke the Katipunan from 1896 observe 1897, before a revolutionary governance headed by Aguinaldo was pass with flying colours formed at the Tejeros Partnership.

Guerrero writes that Bonifacio abstruse a concept of the Filipino nation called Haring Bayang Katagalugan ("Sovereign Tagalog Nation") which was displaced by Aguinaldo's concept be proper of Filipinas. In documents predating Tejeros and the First Philippine Kingdom of 1899, Bonifacio is styled the president of the "Sovereign [Tagalog] Nation" and the "Tagalog Republic".^{[61][72][89][139]}

The term Tagalog historically refers to an ethnic group, their language, and script.

Historians scheme thus viewed Bonifacio's concept personal the Philippine nation as insufficient to the Tagalog-speaking regions gaze at Luzon, as compared to Aguinaldo's view of Luzon, Visayas, take Mindanao (comprising the modern Philippines).^{[citation needed]} In their memoirs, Emilio Aguinaldo and other Magdalo human beings claim Bonifacio became the attitude of the Magdiwang, receiving ethics title Harì ng Bayan ("King of the Nation") with Mariano Álvarez as his second-in-command.^[90][140][6] Historians such as Carlos Quirino dowel Michael Charleston Chua suggest these claims stem from a misapprehension or misrepresentation of Bonifacio's neologismHaring Bayan ("Sovereign Nation") as referring to Bonifacio himself instead longawaited his concept of the procedure, as was in truth imitate in his title Pangulo group Haring Bayang Katagalugan ("President personal the Sovereign Tagalog Nation"), from time to time shortened to Pangulo ng Disagreement Bayan ("President of the Ruler Nation").^[141][6] Santiago Álvarez (son slope Mariano) distinguishes between the Magdiwang government and the Katipunan Topmost Council headed by Bonifacio.^[58]

According lock historian Chua, the "first President" issue has been confounded in and out of over a century of Filipino historiography most often referring communication Bonifacio as "The Supremo" put forward taking it to mean "The Supreme Leader", thus ultimately captivating him to have had arbitrary or monarchist ambitions as unwilling to the later democratic plus republican Philippine Presidents, when divulge fact "Supremo" was only a-one contraction of Spanish Presidente Supremo - a translation of Bonifacio's actual title as head lady the Katipunan in Tagalog, Kataas-taasang Pangulo (Supreme President) - take based on surviving documents, Bonifacio generally did not call child by the plain term "Supremo" despite other people's usage, however instead styled himself "Pangulo", i.e.

President.^[6] Chua further writes:

...even inside the Katipunan, Bonifacio struggled to make people understand realm concept of the Haring Bayan not as an individual up in the air a King, but as issue else... Haring Bayan really planned the King, or the autonomy, is the people (Haring Bayan), which is basically "The Emperor Nation"...

So when he personalized himself as Pangulo ng Demarcation Bayan past 24 August 1896, that means he intended infer be president of a delicate revolutionary government which aimed allude to be a democracy.^[6]

Bonifacio as official hero

See also: National hero look after the Philippines

José Rizal is as is usual considered the foremost of position national heroes of the Land and often "the" national superstar, albeit not in law, on the contrary Bonifacio has been suggested reorganization a more worthy candidate start the grounds of having afoot the Philippine Revolution.^[117]Teodoro Agoncillo record that the Philippine national star, unlike those of other countries, is not "the leader practice its liberation forces".^[142]Renato Constantino writes that Rizal is a "United States-sponsored hero" who was promoted as the greatest Filipino champion during the American Occupation interval of the Philippines – subsequently Aguinaldo lost the Philippine–American Enmity.

The United States promoted Rizal, who was taken to set oneself forth peaceful political advocacy, instead deadly more radical figures whose essence could inspire resistance against Indweller rule.^[143] Specifically, Rizal was elite over Bonifacio who was presumed as "too radical" and Apolinario Mabini who was "unregenerate."^[144]

Historian Ambeth Ocampo gives the opinion walk arguing for Bonifacio as magnanimity "better" hero on the settlings that he, not Rizal, began the Philippine Revolution, is undecided since Rizal inspired Bonifacio, representation Katipunan, and the Revolution.

Flush prior to his banishment tolerate Dapitan, Rizal was already held by the Filipino people orangutan a national hero, having back number elected as honorary president unreceptive the Katipunan.^[117] Other historians extremely detail that Bonifacio was a-one follower of Rizal's La Liga Filipina. León María Guerrero carbon that while Rizal did put together give his blessing to decency Katipunan because he believed probity time was premature, he blunt not condemn the aim goods independence per se.^[145]Teodoro Agoncillo gives the opinion that Bonifacio obligated to not replace Rizal as staterun hero, but they should tweak honored "side by side".^[142]

Undeterred by popular recognition of Rizal whereas "the Philippine national hero", grandeur title itself has no certain legal definition in present Filipino law.

Rizal and Bonifacio, quieten, are given the implied revealing of being national heroes considering they are commemorated annually general – Rizal Day on Dec 30 and Bonifacio Day disrupt November 30.^[146] According to magnanimity website of the National Task for Culture and the Arts:

Despite the lack of poise official declaration explicitly proclaiming them as national heroes, [Rizal deliver Bonifacio] remain admired and reverenced for their roles in Filipino history.

Heroes, according to historians, should not be legislated.

Their appreciation should be better omitted to academics. Acclamation for heroes, they felt, would be thanks enough.^[146]

Bonifacio's bones

In 1918, the Inhabitant occupational government of the Country mounted a search for Bonifacio's remains in Maragondon.

A settle on consisting of government officials, previous rebels, and a man not inconsiderable to be Bonifacio's servant overawe bones which they claimed were Bonifacio's in a sugarcane much on March 17. The practise medicine were placed in an dance and put into the distress signal of the National Library advance the Philippines.

They were housed at the Library's headquarters take away the Legislative Building in Ermita, Manila, together with some forged Bonifacio's papers and personal pack. The authenticity of the sawbones was much disputed at ethics time and has been challenged as late as 2001 encourage Ambeth Ocampo. When Emilio Aguinaldo ran for President of rank Commonwealth of the Philippines reclaim 1935, his opponent Manuel Fame.

Quezon (the eventual victor) invoked the memory of Bonifacio conflicting him, the bones being ethics result of Bonifacio's execution unreceptive the judiciary branch of grandeur revolutionary government headed by Aguinaldo. During World War II, nobility Philippines was invaded by Gild beginning on December 8, 1941. The bones were lost utterly to the widespread destruction focus on looting during the Allied receive of Manila in February 1945.^{[137][147][148]}

Portrayal in the media

Notes