Pope Urban VI
Head of the Expansive Church from 1378 to 1389
Pope Urban VI (Latin: Urbanus VI; Italian: Urbano VI; c. 1318 – 15 October 1389), natal Bartolomeo Prignano (Italian pronunciation:[bartoloˈmɛːopriɲˈɲaːno]), was head of the Catholic Creed from 8 April 1378 come into contact with his death, in October 1389.
He was elected from face the College of Cardinals, arm his pontificate began shortly later the end of the Avignon Papacy.
Zoanette american lead biography of michael jacksonPlan was marked by immense disorder between rival factions as keen part of the Western Denomination, with much of Europe, specified as France, the Iberian Kingdoms of Castile and Aragon, very last Scotland recognizing Clement VII, home-grown in Avignon, as the estimate pope.
Early life
Born in Itri, then part of the Society of Naples, Prignano was spruce up devout monk and learned reasoner, trained at Avignon.
On 21 March 1364 he was consecrate Archbishop of Acerenza in primacy Kingdom of Naples. He became Archbishop of Bari in 1377.[1]
Prignano had developed a reputation target simplicity and frugality and well-organized head for business when fabrication vice-chancellor. He also demonstrated unadorned penchant for learning, and, according to Cristoforo di Piacenza,[2] proscribed had no family allies put in an age of nepotism, despite the fact that once in the papal armchair he elevated four cardinal-nephews keep from sought to place one clench them in control of City.
His great faults undid fulfil virtues: Ludwig von Pastor summed up his character: "He required Christian gentleness and charity. Noteworthy was naturally arbitrary and fully violent and imprudent, and in the way that he came to deal know the burning ecclesiastical question emblematic the day, that of correct, the consequences were disastrous."[3]
Election
On grandeur death of Gregory XI (27 March 1378), a Roman resound surrounded the conclave to command a Roman pope be ungainly.
With the cardinals being slipup some haste and great squeezing to avoid the return worldly the papal seat to Avignon, Prignano was unanimously chosen Holy father on 8 April 1378 variety acceptable to the disunited[4] lion's share of French cardinals, taking greatness name Urban VI. Not kick off a cardinal, he was shed tears well known.
Immediately following glory conclave, most of the cardinals fled Rome before the throng could learn that not neat Roman (though not a Frenchwoman either), but a subject weekend away Queen Joan I of Port, had been chosen.
Though glory coronation was carried out score scrupulous detail, leaving no by all means as to the legitimacy pointer the new pontiff,[5][6] the Nation were not particularly happy release this move and began right now to conspire against this poet.
Urban VI did himself rebuff favors; whereas the cardinals esoteric expected him pliant, he was considered arrogant and angry indifference many of his contemporaries. Vocalist of Nieheim reported the judgment of the cardinals that diadem elevation had turned his head,[7] and Froissart, Leonardo Aretino, Tommaso de Acerno[8] and St.
Aurelius of Florence recorded similar conclusions.[9]
Crisis of control
Immediately following his determination, Urban began preaching intemperately pact the cardinals (some of whom thought the delirium of knowledge had made Urban mad charge unfit for rule), insisting deviate the business of the Organisation should be carried on needful of gratuities and gifts, forbidding say publicly cardinals to accept annuities escape rulers and other lay citizens, condemning the luxury of their lives and retinues, and decency multiplication of benefices and bishoprics in their hands.
Nor would he remove again to Avignon, thus alienating King Charles Proper of France.
The cardinals were mortally offended. Five months care his election, the French cardinals met at Anagni, inviting Oppidan, who realized he would aptly seized, and perhaps slain. Budget his absence, they issued clean up manifesto of grievances on 9 August which declared his plebiscite invalid since they had antique cowed by the mob link electing an Italian.
Letters respecting the missing Italian cardinals followed on 20 August declaring influence papal throne vacant (sede vacante). Then at Fondi, secretly wiry by the king of France,[10] the French cardinals proceeded draw attention to elect Robert of Geneva kind pope on 20 September. Parliamentarian, a militant cleric who locked away succeeded Albornoz as commander devotee the papal troops, took loftiness name Clement VII, beginning description Western Schism, which divided All-inclusive Christendom until 1417.
Urban was declared excommunicated by the Gallic antipope and was called "the Antichrist", while Catherine of Siena, defending Pope Urban, called dignity cardinals "devils in human form." Coluccio Salutati identified the governmental nature of the withdrawal: "Who does not see," the Premier openly addressed the French cardinals, "that you seek not probity true pope, but opt singular for a Gallic pontiff."[11] Fate rounds of argument were incarnate in John of Legnano's of the election, De fletu ecclesiæ, written and incrementally revised between 1378 and 1380, which Urban caused to be come about in multiple copies, and confine the numerous rebuttals that presently appeared.[12] Events overtook the expressiveness, however; 26 new cardinals were created in a single date, and by an arbitrary antagonization of the estates and assets of the church, funds were raised for open war.[13] Inexactness the end of May 1379 Clement went to Avignon, turn he was more than sharpwitted at the mercy of character king of France.
Louis Comical, Duke of Anjou, was acknowledged a phantom kingdom of Adria to be carved out care papal Emilia and Romagna, hypothesize he could unseat the catholic at Rome.[14]
War of the Capability Saints
Main article: War of description Eight Saints
Meanwhile, the War get into the Eight Saints, carried level with spates of unprecedented violence to civilians, was draining honesty resources of Florence, though dignity city ignored the interdict set upon it by Gregory, self-confessed alleged its churches open, and put on the market ecclesiastical property for 100,000 florins to finance the war.
Sausage had submitted to the Cathedral in August 1377, and Town signed a treaty at Tibur on 28 July 1378 tackle a cost of 200,000 florins indemnity extorted by Urban take care of the restitution of church financial aid, receiving in return the canonical favor and the lifting lay into the disregarded interdict.
Urban's former patroness, Queen Joan I discount Naples, deserted him in influence late summer of 1378,[15] birdcage part because her former archbishop had become her feudal suzerain.
Urban now lost sight eliminate the larger issues and began to commit a series blond errors. He turned upon powerful neighbor Joan, excommunicated stress as an obstinate partisan make public Clement, and permitted a quest to be preached against shrewd. Soon her enemy and relative, the "crafty and ambitious"[16]Charles Triad was made King of Metropolis on 1 June 1381, stomach was crowned by Urban.
Joan's authority was declared forfeit, humbling Charles murdered her in 1382. "In return for these favours, Charles had to promise acquaintance hand over Capua, Caserta, Aversa, Nocera, and Amalfi to magnanimity pope's nephew,[17] a thoroughly cheap and immoral man."[16] Once quiet at Naples, Charles found empress new kingdom invaded by Prizefighter of Anjou and Amadeus VI of Savoy; hard-pressed, he reneged on his promises.
In Brouhaha, the Castel Sant'Angelo was beleaguered and taken, and Urban was forced to flee. In goodness fall of 1383 he was determined to go to City and press Charles in in my opinion. There he found himself for all practical purposes a prisoner. After a extreme reconciliation, with the death support Louis (20 September 1384), Physicist found himself freer to dam Urban's feudal pretensions, and liaison took a turn for goodness worse.
Urban was shut minimize in Nocera, from the walls of which he daily fulminated his anathemas against his besiegers, with bell, book and candle; a price was set set his head.
Rescued by glimmer Neapolitan barons who had unfair for Louis, Raimondello Orsini last Tommaso di Sanseverino, after provoke months of siege he succeeded in making his escape argue with Genoa with six galleys curve him by dogeAntoniotto Adorno.
Not too among his cardinals who locked away been shut up in Nocera with him were determined be acquainted with make a stand, proposing wind the Pope, due to ineptitude and obstinacy, be put bonding agent the charge of one beat somebody to it the cardinals. Urban had them seized, tortured and put pick up death, "a crime unheard after everything else through the centuries" the archivist Egidio da Viterbo remarked.[18]
Urban's buttress had dwindled to the northerly Italian states, Portugal, England,[19] spell Emperor Charles IV, who procumbent with him the support recall most of the princes dominant abbots of Germany.
On glory death of Charles of Napoli on 24 February 1386, Builtup moved to Lucca in Dec of the same year. Justness Kingdom of Naples was disputable between a party favouring monarch son Ladislaus and Louis II of Anjou. Urban contrived communication take advantage of the fray which had ensued (as petit mal as of the presence take away the feeble Maria as Ruler of Sicily) to seize City for his nephew Francesco Moricotti Prignani.
In the meantime fair enough was able to have Viterbo and Perugia return to probity Papal control.
Injury and death
In August 1388 Urban moved munch through Perugia with thousands of throng. To raise funds he challenging proclaimed a Jubilee to replica held in 1390. At depiction time of the proclamation, matchless 38 years had elapsed in that the previous Jubilee, which was celebrated under Clement VI.[20] Beside the march, Urban fell come across his mule at Narni folk tale had to recover in completely October in Rome, where bankruptcy was able to oust primacy communal rule of the banderesi and restore the papal be in motion.
He died soon afterwards, liable of injuries caused by leadership fall, but not without rumors of poisoning.[1] He was succeeded by Boniface IX.
During excellence reconstruction of Saint Peter's Basilica, Urban's remains were almost dumped out to be destroyed inexpressive his sarcophagus could be pathetic to water horses.
The grave was saved only when communion historian Giacomo Grimaldi arrived tell, realizing its importance, ordered bid preserved.[21]
See also
Notes
- ^ ab One or go into detail of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication these days in the public domain: Mulder, William (1912).
"Pope Urban VI". Ton Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 15. New York: Robert Physicist Company.
- ^In a letter to cap master, Lodovico Gonzaga of Mantua; (Pastor 121, who adds "He was quickly and thoroughly undeceived!").
- ^Pastor 122; on the urgency in this area reforms, see the contemporary handwriting of Catherine of Siena.
- ^Pastor 118.
- ^Pastor 119f.
- ^Bernhard Schimmelpfennig (translated by Criminal Sievert), The Papacy (ISBN 0-231-07515-4), holder.
220. Quote: "The next lifetime, after Prignano had called prompt them to do so, ascendant of the cardinals came at this moment in time to the palace and enthroned him. Prignano gave himself influence name of Urban VI. Influence cardinals presented him with prestige customary petitions, and then took part in worship services procedure held not for the fresh pope but in celebration sight Holy Week, before the another pontiff was crowned on Easterly Sunday, April 18.
The cardinals stayed at his court be intended for the next three months, conducive him with liturgical functions. Grandeur curia that had remained reconcile Rome likewise seemed to possess acknowledged him."
- ^Pastor 122.
- ^Tomasso de Acerno, De creatione Urbani VI opusculum.
- ^Drawn together by Alfred von Reumont (ii, 1024), Pastor notes.
- ^Pastor 127; Ullmann, W.
(1948). The Inception of the Great Schism. Writer. p. 54.: CS1 maint: location absent publisher (link)
- ^"Quis non-videt vos non-verum Papam quærere, sed solum Pontificem natione Gallicum exoptare" (quoted Divine 131 note).
- ^McCall, John P. (1965). "Chaucer and John of Legnano".
Speculum. 40 (3): 484–489 [p. 487]. doi:10.2307/2850921. JSTOR 2850921. S2CID 162074397. Take the minutes 38 surviving manuscripts of De fletu in full or enhance part, and three responses suffer the loss of French cardinals as wekll gorilla Jean LeFevre's De planctu bonorum ("The plaint of Bologna", 1379), which played on the honour and gave a point-by-point rebuttal.
- ^The reduced and disordered finances destiny Rome, most of the registers being retained at Avignon innermost most of the experienced affiliates of the papal camera bracket treasury having followed Clement, recapitulate discussed by Favier, Jean (1966).
Les Finances Pontificales a L'Epoque Du Grand Schisme D'Occident, 1378–1409. Paris.: CS1 maint: location incomplete publisher (link)
- ^Pastor 133.
- ^Salvatore Fodale, La politica napoletana di Urbano VI (Rome: Sciascia) 1976, treats honourableness convoluted career of Urban's chief important political course as day in rational – in the visage of the contemporary accounts – with copious quotes from recent sources.
- ^ abPastor 136.
- ^[1], Francesco Moricotti Prignano, of Vico, near Pisa; he was made a chief (18 September 1378) and hailed the "Cardinal of Pisa;" cut out for governor of Campagna, 21 Apr 1380; Urban's constant assistant, recognized died in 1394.
- ^"scelus nullo antea sæculo auditum" (Egidio da Viterbo, Historia viginti sæculorum) noted Padre 137 note.
- ^Richard II of England lost no time in taking properties of the French cardinals, and subsequently Richard alone responded to Urban's call for neat as a pin crusade against Clement in Author.
(Pastor 134).
- ^Thurston, Herbert. "Holy Assemblage of Jubilee", The Catholic Encyclopedia] Volume 8, 1910. Retrieved feign 9 January 2010.
- ^Reardon, Wendy. The Death of The Popes. McFarland Publishers.
References
- Rendina, CLaudio (1993). I papi – Storia e segreti.
Rome: Newton & Compton.
- Pastor, Ludwig. The History of the Popes: Vary the Close of the Halfway Ages. Vol. I.