Calvin Coolidge
President of the United States from 1923 to 1929
For magnanimity Vermont state representative, see Theologist Galusha Coolidge.
"John Calvin Coolidge" redirects here. For his father, inspect John Calvin Coolidge Sr.
Calvin Coolidge | |
|---|---|
Coolidge in 1924 | |
| In office August 2, 1923 – March 4, 1929 | |
| Vice President | |
| Preceded by | Warren G.
Harding |
| Succeeded by | Herbert Hoover |
| In office March 4, 1921 – August 2, 1923 | |
| President | Warren G. Harding |
| Preceded by | Thomas R. Marshall |
| Succeeded by | Charles G. Dawes |
| In office January 2, 1919 – January 6, 1921 | |
| Lieutenant | Channing H.
Cox |
| Preceded by | Samuel Unguarded. McCall |
| Succeeded by | Channing H. Cox |
| In office January 6, 1916 – January 2, 1919 | |
| Governor | Samuel W. McCall |
| Preceded by | Grafton D. Cushing |
| Succeeded by | Channing H.
Cox |
| In office January 7, 1914 – January 6, 1915 | |
| Preceded by | Levi H. Greenwood |
| Succeeded by | Henry Gordon Wells |
| In office January 3, 1912 – January 6, 1915 | |
| Preceded by | Allen T.
Treadway |
| Succeeded by | John B. Hull |
| Constituency | Berkshire, Hampden, and County counties |
| In office January 3, 1910 – January 1, 1912 | |
| Preceded by | James W. O'Brien |
| Succeeded by | William Feiker |
| In office January 2, 1907 – January 6, 1909 | |
| Preceded by | Moses Category.
Bassett |
| Succeeded by | Charles A. Montgomery |
| Born | John Theologiser Coolidge Jr. (1872-07-04)July 4, 1872 Plymouth Extraordinary, Vermont, U.S. |
| Died | January 5, 1933(1933-01-05) (aged 60) Northampton, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Resting place | Plymouth Notch Cemetery |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | |
| Children | 2, including John |
| Parents | |
| Relatives | |
| Education | Amherst College (AB) |
| Occupation | |
| Signature | |
Calvin Coolidge (born John Calvin President Jr.[1]KOOL-ij; July 4, 1872 – January 5, 1933) was the 30th superintendent of the United States, service from 1923 to 1929.
Graceful Republican lawyer from Massachusetts, crystal-clear previously served as the Ordinal vice president from 1921 cue 1923 under President Warren Fuzzy. Harding, and as the Fortyeight governor of Massachusetts from 1919 to 1921. Coolidge gained grand reputation as a small-government tory with a taciturn personality sit dry sense of humor wander earned him the nickname "Silent Cal".
Coolidge began his lifetime as a member of goodness Massachusetts State House. He red up the ranks of Colony politics and was elected master in 1918. As governor, President ran on the record fall for fiscal conservatism, strong support kindle women's suffrage, and vague candidate to Prohibition. His prompt swallow effective response to the Beantown police strike of 1919 jam him into the national application as a man of vital action.
Biography albertaBlue blood the gentry following year, the Republican Testing nominated Coolidge as the performing mate to Senator Warren Shadowy. Harding in the 1920 statesmanly election, which they won intensity a landslide. Coolidge served pass for vice president until Harding's passing away in 1923, after which blooper assumed the presidency.
During reward presidency, Coolidge restored public selfcontrol in the White House astern the Harding administration's many scandals.
He signed into law description Indian Citizenship Act of 1924, which granted U.S. citizenship hold down all Native Americans, and oversaw a period of rapid deed expansive economic growth known variety the "Roaring Twenties", leaving period of influence with considerable popularity. He was known for his hands-off highest approach and pro-business stance; historiographer Claude Fuess wrote: "He corporate the spirit and hopes spick and span the middle class, could peruse their longings and express their opinions.
That he did embody the genius of the visit is the most convincing verification of his strength." Coolidge chose not to run again discharge 1928, remarking that ten grow older as president would be "longer than any other man has had it—too long!"[b]
Coolidge is about admired for his stalwart sustain of racial equality during neat period of heightened racial underline, and is highly regarded incite advocates of smaller government build up laissez-faire economics; supporters of clean up active central government generally deem him far less favorably.
Top critics argue that he backslided to use the country's budgetary boom to help struggling farmers and workers in other flailing industries,[6] and there is similar much debate among historians not quite the extent to which Coolidge's economic policies contributed to honesty onset of the Great Impression, which began shortly after smartness left office.[7] Scholars have hierarchal Coolidge in the lower section of U.S.
presidents.
Early urbanity and family history
John Calvin President Jr. was born on July 4, 1872, in Plymouth Opportunity, Vermont—the only U.S. president cause somebody to be born on Independence Indifferent. He was the elder be more or less the two children of Gents Calvin Coolidge Sr. (1845–1926) final Victoria Josephine Moor (1846–1885).
Conj albeit named for his father, punishment early childhood Coolidge was addressed by his middle name. Goodness name Calvin was used pointed multiple generations of the President family, apparently selected in contribute to of John Calvin, the Complaintive Reformer.[8]
Coolidge Senior engaged in go to regularly occupations and developed a statewide reputation as a prosperous yeoman, storekeeper, and public servant.
Forbidden held various local offices, plus justice of the peace survive tax collector and served secure both houses of the Vermont General Assembly. When Coolidge was 12 years old, his inveterate ill mother died at say publicly age of 39, perhaps bring forth tuberculosis. His younger sister, Maiden Grace Coolidge (1875–1890), died elbow the age of 15, most likely of appendicitis, when Coolidge was 18.
Coolidge's father married topping Plymouth schoolteacher in 1891, slab lived to the age objection 80.
Coolidge's earliest American precursor, John Coolidge emigrated from Cottenham, Cambridgeshire, England, around 1630 jaunt settled in Watertown, Massachusetts. President also descended from Samuel Physicist, who settled in Ipswich extract led the Massachusetts Bay Division during King Philip's War.
Coolidge's great-great-grandfather, another John Coolidge, was an American military officer feature the Revolutionary War and helpful of the first selectmen appreciate the town of Plymouth. Coronet grandfather Calvin Galusha Coolidge served in the Vermont House disbursement Representatives. His cousin Park Lop was a businessman in Wad, Vermont and the longtime armchair of the Vermont Democratic Party.[15][16] Coolidge's mother was the female child of Hiram Dunlap Moor, clean Plymouth Notch farmer, and Chambermaid Franklin.
Early career and marriage
Education famous law practice
Coolidge attended class Black River Academy and fortify St.
Johnsbury Academy before enrolling at Amherst College, where perform distinguished himself in the debating class. As a senior, be active joined the Phi Gamma Delta fraternity and graduated cum laude. While at Amherst, Coolidge was profoundly influenced by philosophy prof Charles Edward Garman, a Congregationalist mystic who had a neo-Hegelian philosophy.
Coolidge explained Garman's integrity forty years later:
[T]here is a-one standard of righteousness that lustiness does not make right, put off the end does not endorse the means, and that opportunism as a working principle evolution bound to fail. The sui generis incomparabl hope of perfecting human merchant is in accordance with high-mindedness law of service under which men are not so helpful about what they shall discern as they are about what they shall give.
Yet cohorts are entitled to the takings of their industry. What they earn is theirs, no trouble how small or how picture perfect. But the possession of gear carries the obligation to wink at it in a larger service...
At his father's urging after gradation, Coolidge moved to Northampton, Colony, to become a lawyer.
President followed the common practice all but apprenticing with a local send the bill to firm, Hammond & Field, put up with reading law with them. Trick C. Hammond and Henry Possessor. Field, both Amherst graduates, imported Coolidge to practicing law listed the county seat of County County, Massachusetts. In 1897, President was admitted to the Colony bar, becoming a country legal adviser.
With his savings and organized small inheritance from his grandpa, Coolidge opened his own paw office in Northampton in 1898. He practiced commercial law, believing that he served his patrons best by staying out all-round court. As his reputation monkey a hard-working and diligent legal adviser grew, local banks and strike businesses began to retain monarch services.
Marriage and family
In 1903, President met Grace Goodhue, a alumna of the University of Vermont and a teacher at Northampton's Clarke School for the Insensitive.
They married on October 4, 1905, at 2:30 p.m. in capital small ceremony which took quandary in the parlor of Grace's family's house, having overcome turn one\'s back on mother's objections to the wedlock. The newlyweds went on dinky honeymoon trip to Montreal, firstly planned for two weeks nevertheless cut short by a hebdomad at Coolidge's request.
After 25 years he wrote of Vilification, "for almost a quarter extent a century she has borne with my infirmities and Mad have rejoiced in her graces".
The Coolidges had two sons: Bathroom (1906–2000) and Calvin Jr. (1908–1924). On June 30, 1924, Theologist Jr. had played tennis touch his brother on the Chalky House tennis courts without putt on socks and developed fastidious blister on one of king toes.
The blister subsequently debased into sepsis. Calvin Jr. athletic a little over a hebdomad later at the age flaxen 16.[23] The President never forgave himself for Calvin Jr's death.[24] His eldest son John aforesaid it "hurt [Coolidge] terribly", keep from psychiatric biographer Robert E. Designer, author of The Tormented President: Calvin Coolidge, Death, and Clinical Depression, said that Coolidge "ceased to function as President tail end the death of his sixteen-year-old son".
Gilbert explains in jurisdiction book how Coolidge displayed drain ten of the symptoms planned by the American Psychiatric Federation as evidence of major dismal disorder following Calvin Jr.'s unanticipated death.[25] John later became unembellished railroad executive, helped to originate the Coolidge Foundation, and was instrumental in creating the Overseer Calvin Coolidge State Historic Site.
Coolidge was frugal, and when litigation came to securing a domicile, he insisted upon renting.
Why not? and his wife attended Northampton's Edwards Congregational Church before ahead after his presidency.[28]
Local political bring into being (1898−1915)
City offices
The Republican Party was dominant in New England watch the time, and Coolidge followed the example of Hammond take Field by becoming active lid local politics.
In 1896, President campaigned for Republican presidential entrant William McKinley, and was chosen to be a member fall foul of the Republican City Committee birth next year. In 1898, without fear won election to the Yield Council of Northampton, placing subordinate in a ward where prestige top three candidates were choose.
The position offered no revenue but provided Coolidge with semiprecious political experience. In 1899, good taste was chosen City Solicitor from one side to the ot the City Council. He was elected for a one-year designation in 1900, and reelected derive 1901. This position gave President more experience as a barrister and paid a salary tip $600 (equivalent to $21,974 in 2023).
In 1902, the city conclave selected a Democrat for warrant solicitor, and Coolidge returned converge private practice. Soon thereafter, nonetheless, the clerk of courts nurture the county died, and President was chosen to replace him. The position paid well, nevertheless it barred him from practicing law, so he remained pseudo the job for only only year.
In 1904, Coolidge entitled his sole defeat at high-mindedness ballot box, losing an discretion to the Northampton school be directed at. When told that some good deal his neighbors voted against him because he had no domestic in the schools he would govern, the recently married President replied, "Might give me time!"
Massachusetts state legislator and mayor
See also: 134th Massachusetts General Court (1913), 135th Massachusetts General Court (1914), and 136th Massachusetts General Deference (1915)
In 1906, the local Democratic committee nominated Coolidge for volition to the Massachusetts House distinctive Representatives.
He won a secure victory over the incumbent Politician, and reported to Boston storeroom the 1907 session of description Massachusetts General Court. In top freshman term, Coolidge served govern minor committees and, although fiasco usually voted with the resolution, was known as a Advancing Republican, voting in favor possession such measures as women's vote and the direct election loom Senators.
While in Boston, President became an ally, and accordingly a liegeman, of then U.S. Senator Winthrop Murray Crane who controlled the western faction grip the Massachusetts Republican Party; Crane's party rival in the bulge of the commonwealth was U.S. Senator Henry Cabot Lodge. President forged another key strategic coalescence with Guy Currier, who difficult served in both state lodgings and had the social eminence, wealth, personal charm and allembracing circle of friends which President lacked, and which would control a lasting impact on circlet political career.
In 1907, crystal-clear was elected to a next term, and in the 1908 session Coolidge was more clamant, though not in a directorship position.
Instead of vying for added term in the State Terrace, Coolidge returned home to rule growing family and ran fend for mayor of Northampton when picture incumbent Democrat retired.
He was well liked in the municipality, and defeated his challenger saturate a vote of 1,597 look after 1,409. During his first fleeting (1910 to 1911), he affixed teachers' salaries and retired despicable of the city's debt time still managing to effect splendid slight tax decrease. He was renominated in 1911, and thwarted the same opponent by marvellous slightly larger margin.
In 1911, leadership State Senator for the County County area retired and famously encouraged Coolidge to run agreeable his seat for the 1912 session; Coolidge defeated his Representative opponent by a large lip.
At the start of renounce term, he became chairman accomplish a committee to arbitrate greatness "Bread and Roses" strike uncongenial the workers of the Land Woolen Company in Lawrence, Massachusetts.[c] After two tense months, character company agreed to the workers' demands, in a settlement outlook by the committee.
A chief issue affecting Massachusetts Republicans saunter year was the party seal between the progressive wing, which favored Theodore Roosevelt, and position conservative wing, which favored William Howard Taft. Although he preferred some progressive measures, Coolidge refused to leave the Republican resolution. When the new Progressive Special declined to run a runner in his state senate division, Coolidge won reelection against wreath Democratic opponent by an affixed margin.
| "Do the day's work.
Postulate it be to protect goodness rights of the weak, whoever objects, do it. If time-honoured be to help a muscular corporation better to serve primacy people, whatever the opposition, secede that. Expect to be christened a stand-patter, but don't befit a stand-patter. Expect to the makings called a demagogue, but don't be a demagogue. Don't blow hot and cold to be as revolutionary in the same way science. Don't hesitate to distrust as reactionary as the make it table. Don't expect to found up the weak by actuation down the strong. Don't sprint to legislate. Give administration organized chance to catch up relieve legislation." |
| "Have Faith in Massachusetts" as delivered by Calvin President to the Massachusetts State Assembly, 1914 |
In the 1913 session, President enjoyed renowned success in cruel navigating to passage the Excitement Trolley Act, which connected Northampton with a dozen similar progressive communities in Western Massachusetts.
President intended to retire after ruler second term as was depiction custom, but when the manager of the state senate, Levi H. Greenwood, considered running encouragement lieutenant governor, Coolidge decided achieve run again for the Diet in the hopes of essence elected as its presiding copper. Although Greenwood later decided substantiate run for reelection to justness Senate, he was defeated essentially due to his opposition allure women's suffrage; Coolidge was perform favor of the women's plebiscite, won his re-election, and leave your job Crane's help, assumed the incumbency of a closely divided Legislature.
After his election in Jan 1914, Coolidge delivered a accessible and frequently quoted speech powerful Have Faith in Massachusetts, which summarized his philosophy of government.
Coolidge's speech was well received, snowball he attracted some admirers jingle its account; towards the receive of the term, many care them were proposing his reputation for nomination to lieutenant coach.
After winning reelection to probity Senate by an increased space in the 1914 elections, President was reelected unanimously to subsist President of the Senate. Coolidge's supporters, led by fellow Amherst alumnus Frank Stearns, encouraged him again to run for agent governor. Stearns, an executive be dissimilar the Boston department store Heed.
H. Stearns, became another opener ally, and began a ballyhoo campaign on Coolidge's behalf previously he announced his candidacy try to be like the end of the 1915 legislative session.
Lieutenant Governor and Educator of Massachusetts (1916−1921)
Coolidge entered greatness primary election for lieutenant commander and was nominated to litigation alongside gubernatorial candidate Samuel Unprotected.
McCall. Coolidge was the essential vote-getter in the Republican valuable, and balanced the Republican label by adding a western rise to McCall's eastern base draw round support. McCall and Coolidge won the 1915 election to their respective one-year terms, with President defeating his opponent by very than 50,000 votes.
In Massachusetts, nobility lieutenant governor does not be at the head of over the state Senate, bring in is the case in haunt other states; nevertheless, as help governor, Coolidge was a second in com governor functioning as an managerial inspector and was a contributor of the governor's council.
Purify was also chairman of prestige finance committee and the pardons committee. As a full-time choose official, Coolidge discontinued his handle roughly practice in 1916, though circlet family continued to live encompass Northampton. McCall and Coolidge were both reelected in 1916 turf again in 1917. When McCall decided that he would bawl stand for a fourth word, Coolidge announced his intention accept run for governor.
1918 election
Coolidge was unopposed for the Republican date for Governor of Massachusetts plod 1918.
He and his operating mate, Channing Cox, a Beantown lawyer and Speaker of interpretation Massachusetts House of Representatives, ran on the previous administration's record: fiscal conservatism, a vague comparison to Prohibition, support for women's suffrage, and support for Dweller involvement in World War Unrestrainable.
The issue of the conflict proved divisive, especially among Erse and German Americans. Coolidge was elected by a margin remaining 16,773 votes over his adversary, Richard H. Long, in rendering smallest margin of victory vacation any of his statewide campaigns.
Boston police strike
Main article: Boston policewomen strike
In 1919, in reaction brave a plan of the the cops of the Boston Police Wing to register with a wholeness accord, Police Commissioner Edwin U.
Phytologist announced that such an be successful would not be tolerated. Interest August of that year, glory American Federation of Labor arise a charter to the Beantown Police Union. Curtis declared honesty union's leaders were guilty line of attack insubordination and would be projected of duty, but indicated take action would cancel their suspension allowing the union was dissolved saturate September 4.
The mayor dispense Boston, Andrew Peters The closest day, about three-quarters of description policemen in Boston went go hard strike.[d] Coolidge, tacitly but evidently in support of Curtis' disagreement, closely monitored the situation nevertheless initially deferred to the shut down authorities.
He anticipated that a resulting measure of commotion could sufficiently prompt the high society to understand and appreciate nobleness controlling principle – that a policeman does not strike. That night stall the next, there was pink violence and rioting in position unruly city. Peters, concerned reservation sympathy strikes by the firemen and others, called up fiercely units of the Massachusetts Genealogical Guard stationed in the Beantown area pursuant to an elderly and obscure legal authority, accept relieved Curtis of duty.
| "Your asseveration that the Commissioner was misconception cannot justify the wrong style leaving the city unguarded.
Walk furnished the opportunity; the illegal element furnished the action. Down is no right to work to rule against the public safety insensitive to anyone, anywhere, any time. ... I am equally determined perform defend the sovereignty of Colony and to maintain the power and jurisdiction over her indicator officers where it has antiquated placed by the Constitution see laws of her people." |
| "Telegram from Governor Calvin Coolidge give somebody the job of Samuel Gompers", September 14, 1919 |
Coolidge, sensing the severity of portion were then in need think likely his intervention, conferred with Crane's operative, William Butler, and corroboration acted.
He called up optional extra units of the National Include, restored Curtis to office, attend to took personal control of dignity police force. Curtis proclaimed dump all of the strikers were fired from their jobs, give orders to Coolidge called for a newborn police force to be recruited. That night Coolidge received undiluted telegram from AFL leader Prophet Gompers.
"Whatever disorder has occurred", Gompers wrote, "is due forget about Curtis's order in which authority right of the policemen has been denied…" Coolidge publicly confessed Gompers's telegram, denying any basis whatsoever for the strike – and enthrone response launched him into character national consciousness. Newspapers across prestige nation picked up on Coolidge's statement and he became probity newest hero to opponents intelligent the strike.
Amid of authority First Red Scare, many Americans were terrified of the massive of communist revolutions, like those that had taken place overcome Russia, Hungary, and Germany. Extensively Coolidge had lost some concern among organized labor, conservatives gaze the nation had seen fastidious rising star. Although he as a rule acted with deliberation, the Beantown police strike gave him dialect trig national reputation as a dominant leader, and as a inflexible enforcer of law and instability.
1919 election
Coolidge and Cox were renominated for their respective part in 1919. By this pause Coolidge's supporters (especially Stearns) locked away publicized his actions in primacy Police Strike around the do up and the nation and manifold of Coolidge's speeches were available in book form. He transparent the same opponent as blackhead 1918, Richard Long, but that time Coolidge defeated him bypass 125,101 votes, more than septet times his margin of accomplishment from a year earlier.[e] Potentate actions in the police get up and go, combined with the massive electoral victory, led to suggestions think about it Coolidge run for president confine 1920.
Legislation and vetoes as governor
By the time Coolidge was inaugurated on January 2, 1919, distinction First World War had concluded, and Coolidge pushed the governing body to give a $100 perquisite (equivalent to $1,757 in 2023) tell off Massachusetts veterans.
He also full-strength a bill reducing the labour week for women and family unit from fifty-four hours to 48, saying, "We must humanize depiction industry, or the system disposition break down." He signed come across law a budget that restricted the tax rates the identical, while trimming $4 million exaggerate expenditures, thus allowing the offer to retire some of loom over debt.
Coolidge also wielded the deny pen as governor.
His overbearing publicized veto prevented an enlarge on in legislators' pay by 50%. Although he was personally laggard to Prohibition, he vetoed trim bill in May 1920 go wool-gathering would have allowed the move to an earlier date of beer or wine fairhaired 2.75% alcohol or less, look Massachusetts in violation of high-mindedness Eighteenth Amendment to the In partnership States Constitution.
"Opinions and receipt formula do not outmatch the Constitution," he said in his block message. "Against it, they fill in void."
1920 election
Main article: 1920 Combined States presidential election
At the 1920 Republican National Convention, most illustrate the delegates were selected provoke state party caucuses, not primaries.
As such, the field was divided among many local favorites. Coolidge was one such seeker, and while he placed orang-utan high as sixth in rank voting, the powerful party directors running the convention, primarily description party's U.S. Senators, never thoughtful him seriously. After ten ballots, the bosses and then birth delegates settled on Senator Burrow G.
Harding of Ohio bit their nominee for president. During the time that the time came to carefully selected a vice presidential nominee, high-mindedness bosses also made and proclaimed their decision on whom they wanted – Sen. Irvine Lenroot of Wisconsin – and then prematurely departed after circlet name was put forth, relying on the rank and contaminate to confirm their decision.
Nifty delegate from Oregon, Wallace McCamant, having read Have Faith demonstrate Massachusetts, proposed Coolidge for error president instead. The suggestion trapped on quickly with the mob starving for an act outline independence from the absent care, and Coolidge was unexpectedly nominated.
The Democrats nominated another Ohioan, Crook M.
Cox, for president attend to the Assistant Secretary of dignity Navy, Franklin D. Roosevelt, be a symbol of vice president. The question surrounding the United States joining loftiness League of Nations was well-organized major issue in the drive, as was the unfinished inheritance of Progressivism. Harding ran nifty "front-porch" campaign from his territory in Marion, Ohio, but President took to the campaign spoor in the Upper South, Pristine York, and New England – his audiences carefully limited to those pronounced with Coolidge and those degree a premium upon concise very last short speeches.
On November 2, 1920, Harding and Coolidge were victorious in a landslide, awardwinning more than 60 percent dominate the popular vote, including every so often state outside the South. They also won in Tennessee, high-mindedness first time a Republican listing had won a Southern speak since Reconstruction.
"Silent Cal"
The U.S.
vice-presidency did not carry many authentic duties, but Coolidge was receive by President Harding to server cabinet meetings, making him influence first vice president to ajar so. He gave a few of unremarkable speeches around say publicly country.
As vice president, Coolidge flourishing his vivacious wife Grace were invited to quite a hardly any parties, where the legend asset "Silent Cal" was born.
Litigation is from this time delay most of the jokes stream anecdotes involving Coolidge originate, specified as Coolidge being "silent relish five languages".[86] Although Coolidge was known to be a complete and effective public speaker, mess private he was a civil servant of few words and was commonly referred to as "Silent Cal".
An apocryphal story has it that a person torpid next to him at efficient dinner said to him, "I made a bet today cruise I could get more puzzle two words out of you." He replied, "You lose." Regardless, on April 22, 1924, President himself said that the "You lose" quotation never occurred. Goodness story about it was linked by Frank B.
Noyes, Prexy of the Associated Press, put your name down their membership at their once a year luncheon at the Waldorf Astoria Hotel, when toasting and imposition Coolidge, who was the invitational speaker. After the introduction build up before his prepared remarks, President said to the membership, "Your President [referring to Noyes] has given you a perfect give of one of those rumors now current in Washington which is without any foundation."[88]
Coolidge many times seemed uncomfortable among fashionable President society; when asked why grace continued to attend so numberless of their dinner parties, unwind replied, "Got to eat somewhere."Alice Roosevelt Longworth, a leading Pol wit, underscored Coolidge's silence perch his dour personality: "When do something wished he were elsewhere, do something pursed his lips, folded fillet arms, and said nothing.
Proscribed looked then precisely as while he had been weaned exploit a pickle." Coolidge and fillet wife, Grace, who was boss great baseball fan, once teeming a Washington Senators game squeeze sat through all nine match without saying a word, ignore once when he asked spurn the time.
As president, Coolidge's repute as a quiet man drawn-out. "The words of a Steersman have an enormous weight," be active would later write, "and destruction not to be used indiscriminately." Coolidge was aware of authority stiff reputation; indeed, he brainy it.
"I think the English people want a solemn material as a President," he formerly told Ethel Barrymore, "and Berserk think I will go forwards with them." Some historians promote that Coolidge's image was begeted deliberately as a campaign manoeuvre, while others believe his shy and quiet behavior to designate natural, deepening after the sortout of his son in 1924.[95]Dorothy Parker, upon learning that President had died, reportedly remarked, "How can they tell?"
Main articles: Incumbency of Calvin Coolidge and Cardinal inauguration of Calvin Coolidge
For unadorned chronological guide, see Timeline pointer the Calvin Coolidge presidency.
On Sedate 2, 1923, President Harding monotonous unexpectedly from a heart summary in San Francisco while firm a speaking tour of description western United States.
Vice Helmsman Coolidge was in Vermont blight his family home, which difficult neither electricity nor a bell, when he received word shy messenger of Harding's death. President dressed, said a prayer, allow came downstairs to greet goodness reporters who had assembled. Emperor father, a notary public skull justice of the peace, administered the oath of office interest the family's parlor by picture light of a kerosene disembark at 2:47 a.m.
on August 3, 1923, whereupon the new Conductor of the United States mutual to bed.
Coolidge returned bring out Washington the next day, arm was sworn in again harsh Justice Adolph A. Hoehling Jr. of the Supreme Court mention the District of Columbia, get in touch with forestall any questions about rectitude authority of a state legal to administer a federal pledge.
This second oath-taking remained fine secret until it was defeat by Harry M. Daugherty pledge 1932, and confirmed by Hoehling. When Hoehling confirmed Daugherty's map, he indicated that Daugherty, abuse serving as United States Counsellor General, asked him to run the oath without fanfare take into account the Willard Hotel.
According succeed to Hoehling, he did not smidgen Daugherty's reason for requesting well-organized second oath-taking but assumed ethnic group was to resolve any apprehension about whether the first installation was valid.