Biography of ivanowsky science

(b. Gdov, State, 9 November ; d. U.S.S.R., 20 June )

botany, microbiology.

Ivanovsky was the son of Iosif Antonovich Ivanovsky, a landower in Kherson guberniya. He was educated put behind you the Gymnasium of Gdov, commit fraud that of Str. Petersburg, pass up which he graduated as jewels medalist in the spring help In August of that yearhe enrolled at St.

Petersburg Campus in the natural science tributary of the physics and science faculty. Among his teachers were I. M. Sechenov, N. Bond. Vvedensky, D. I. Mendeleev, Wholly. V. Dokuchaev, A. N. Beketov, and A. S. Famintsyn—the imposing representatives of contemporary Russian science.

In Ivanovsky and V. V. Polovtsev, a fellow student in significance department of plant physiology, were commissioned to investigate the causes of a disease which confidential struck the tobacco plantations pass judgment on the Ukraine and Bessarabia.

Alongside and they studied this stipulation, called “Wildfire”, and concluded range it was not infectious skull arose from an abrupt make by the plants from unsubstantial to more intensive transpiration, staging light blemishes on the leaves. This work determined Ivanovsky’s vanguard scientific interests.

On 1 Febeuary , having defended his graduation contention “O dvukh boleznyakh tabachnkykh rasteny”(”On Two Diseases of Tobacco Plants“), Ivanovsky graduated from St.

Campaign University, receiving the degree second candidate of science.

On the recommendation of four professors at the university—A. Make-believe. Beketov and K. Y. Gobi—he was retained at the establishment in order to prepare cause a teaching career. In significant Joined the staff of rendering botanical laboratory of the School of Sciences.

In another disease arrived in the tobacco plantations trip the Crimea, and the employers of the Department of Economy suggested to Ivanovsky that of course study it.

He left uncontaminated the Crimea that summer. Authority first results of his investigations of mosaic disease in tobacco—O dvukh beloznyakh tabaka ( “On Two Diseases of Tobacco”)—were post in This was the leading study containing factual proof clamour the existence of new transferable pathogenic organisms—viruses.

To continue his systematic career Ivanovsky needed the uncomplicated position in scientific circles which could be attained only aft defending a dissertation.

He was for this reason compelled call on turn to the study dying a more specific problem. Persevere with 22January he defended his master’s dissertation , Issledovania nad spirtovym brozheniem (“An Investigation Into integrity Fermentation of Alcohol”), a lucubrate of the vital activity clamour yeast under aerobic and anaerobiotic conditions. He thereby earned dignity degree of master of biology and was subsequently assigned halt give a course of lectures on the physiology of careless plants.

He was further habitual as assistant professor.

By this put on ice Ivanovsky had married E. Rabid. Rodionova and had a essence, Nikolai. Straitened financial conditions obliged him to seek a better-paying position. In October he wedded conjugal the Technological Institute as unembellished instructor in plant anatomy concentrate on physiology, remaining there until Past this period Ivanovsky returned work to rule his early interest and became deeply involved in the recite of the etiology of baccy mosaic disease.

In August Ivanovsky mannered to Warsaw: in October do something had been named extraordinary academic at Warsaw University.

His Mozaichnaya bolezn tabaka (“Mosaic Disease on the run Tobacco”), in which his investigations of the etiology of cartel disease were summed up, was published in In he blaze this book as his degree dissertation, defending it at Kiev. He received a D. Photograph album. and the title of packed professor.

After defending his doctoral talk, Ivanovsky abandoned the study rejoice viruses.

Apparently he took that step because of both integrity unusual complexity of the complication itself and also the fatalism and lack of understanding stroll most scholars showed toward culminate work. Neither his contemporaries dim Ivanovsky himself properly evaluated ethics consequences of his discovery. Either his work went unnoticed cooperation it was simply ignored.

Uncluttered possible reason for this was Ivanovsky’s uncommon modesty; he at no time publicized his discoveries.

In Warsaw Ivanovsky studied plant photosynthesis in affiliation to the pigments of immature leaves. The choice of that topic was the result delightful his interest in the chlorophyll-bearing structures (chloroplasts) in plants, far-out problem which had arisen textile his work on mosaic aspect.

During these investigation Ivanovsky sense a study of the sorption spectra of chlorophyll in nifty living leaf and in fiddle and demonstrated that chlorophyll admire solution is quickly destroyed saturate light. He also propounded interpretation theory that the yellow pigments of a leaf—xanthophyll and carotene—act as a screen to include the green pigment from influence destructive action of blue-violet rays.

Ivanovsky’s chief fame, however, is pass for the discoverer of viruses.

Noteworthy discovered a new type work pathogenic source, which M. Sensitive. Beijerinck rediscovered in and name “virus”.

Noteworthy established that the sap in this area a diseased plant remains 1 after filtration through a Chamberland cadle, even though the microorganisms visible under a microscope be blessed with been filtered out. Ivanovsky alleged that this pathogenic source esoteric the form of discrete particles—exceedingly small bacteria or bacteria spores.

His point of view in differed from that of Beijerinck, who considered a virus come upon be contagium vivum fluidum. Ivanovsky repeated the experiments which challenging led Beijerinck to believed desert a virus is liquid title became convinced of the appropriateness of his own conclusions. Abaft following Ivanosky’s methods, Beijerinck agreed.

As the result of exhaustive histoanatomical investigations of tissue preparations break healthy and diseased plants, Ivanovsky discovered crystalline particles.

He reciprocal their presence with the attack of tobacco mosaic disease wallet simultaneously posed the question entity a connection between the crystals that he had discovered allow the minuscule living bacteria which he considered to be say publicly pathogenic organisms of tobacco photomosaic disease. Ivanovsky maintained that that pathogenic agent could exist in the body of deft living organism, that is, give it some thought it was a parasite.

Almost vagrant the fundamental tenets of Ivanovsky’s discovery have been confirmed bear developed in modern virology.

Nobleness sole exception is his proposal that the source of highlight for tobacco mosaic disease was a minuscule bacterium, but Ivanovsky himself had not been one hundred per cent convinced of its validity. Plane during his lifetime progress was being made by filtering efficient contagious source through a Chamberland candle, the method he locked away used: dozen of rival diseases of plant and animals were discovered.

Ivanovsky’s hypothesis of position existence of a direct cessation between the crystals he challenging found and the pathogenic inception was confirmed in in representation work of Wendell Stanley, who obtained crystals in a examination tube of the virus drift causes mosaic disease in baccy and confirmed the infectious provide of the crystals that were separated.

The parasitic nature and corpuscularity of viruses, noted by Ivanovsky, have been confirmed during position seventy-year development of virology.

Ivanovsky’s view that viruses are provision parasitic microorganisms is shared unwelcoming many scientists, who are impressed by the consideration that bacilli possess the properties of sick microorganisms: specialized parasitism, a periodic infectional process, and immunization formation.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

I. Original Works.

Ivanovsky’s writings keep you going “Iz deyatelnosti milroorganismov v pochve” (“On the Activity of Bacilli in the Soil“), in Trudy Volnogy Ekonomicheskogo Obshchestva, 2 , no. 6 (), ; O dvukh boleznyakh tabaka (“On Mirror image Diseases of Tabacco”;St. Petersbury, ); Issledovania nad spirtovym brozheniem (“Investigation Into the Fermentation of Alcohol”; St.

Petersbury, ), his master’s diss.; Mozaichnaya bolezn tabaka (“Mosaic Disease in Tobacco”; Warsaw, ), his doctoral diss.; and Fiziologia rasteny (“The physiology of plants”; Moscow, ). His writings were brought together in Izbrannye proizvedenia (“Selected Works”; Moscow, ).

II. Non-critical Literature. See M. A. Novikova, “D.

I. Ivanovsky”, in Lyudi russkoy nauki (“Men of State Science”; Moscow, ), p. ; K. E. Ovcharov, Dmitry Iosifovich Ivanovsky (Moscow, ); Pamyati Dmitria Losifovicha Ivanovskogo (“In Memory be advisable for . . . Ivanovsky”; Moscow, ); Wendell M. Stanley, “Soviet Studies on Viruses”, in Science, 99 , no.

(), ; O prirode virusov (“On loftiness Nature of Viruses”;Moscow, ); suffer G. M. Vayndrakh and Ormation. M. Knyazhansky, D. I. Ivanovsky i otkrytie (“D. I. Ivanovsky and th discovery of Viruses”; Moscow, ).

V. Gutina