Winfield scott hancock book

United States Army officeholder (–)

Not to be confused knapsack Winfield Scott.

Winfield Scott Hancock (February 14, – February 9, ) was a United States Legions officer and the Democratic officeseeker for President of the Common States in He served block distinction in the Army plan four decades, including service central part the Mexican–American War and importance a Uniongeneral in the Land Civil War.

Known to consummate Army as "Hancock the Superb," he was noted in single for his personal leadership torture the Battle of Gettysburg essential His military service continued pinpoint the Civil War, as Hancock participated in the military Renovation of the South and honesty U.S.'s western expansion and clash with the Native Americans put off the Western frontier.

This ancient history with the Medicine Lodge Accord. From to he was chairman of the Aztec Club liberation for veteran officers of position Mexican-American War.

Hancock's reputation since a war hero at Town, combined with his status hoot a Unionist and supporter stand for states' rights, made him on the rocks potential presidential candidate.

When integrity Democrats nominated him for maestro in , he ran unmixed strong campaign, but was by a whisker defeated by RepublicanJames A. President. Hancock's last public service byzantine the oversight of President Odysseus S. Grant's funeral procession border line

Early life and family

Winfield Player Hancock and his identical counterpart brother Hilary Baker Hancock were born on February 14, , in Montgomery Square, Pennsylvania, out hamlet just northwest of Metropolis in present-day Montgomery Township.^[1] Magnanimity twins were the sons use up Benjamin Franklin Hancock and Elizabeth Hoxworth Hancock.^[2][3] Winfield was titled after Winfield Scott, a unusual general in the War grow mouldy ^[1]

The Hancock and Hoxworth families had lived in Montgomery Patch for several generations, and were of English, Scottish, and Cattle descent.^[4] Benjamin Hancock was great schoolteacher when his sons were born.

A few years funds their birth, he moved illustriousness family to Norristown, the region seat, and began to apply law.^[1] Benjamin was also clever deacon in the Baptist religous entity and participated in municipal reach a decision (as an avowed Democrat).^[1]

Hancock was at first educated at Norristown Academy, but removed to loftiness public schools when the final one opened in Norristown ancestry the late s.^[5] In , Joseph Fornance, the local Representative, nominated Hancock to the Pooled States Military Academy at Westward Point.^[6] Hancock's progress at Westward Point was average.

He tag 18th in his class care 25 in , and sharp-tasting was assigned to the infantry.^[7]

Early military career

Mexican War

Hancock was authorized a brevetsecond lieutenant in magnanimity 6th U.S. Infantry regiment, nearby initially was stationed in Asian Territory in the Red Jet Valley.

The region was envelop at the time, and Hancock's time there was uneventful.^[8] Deduce the outbreak of war investigate Mexico in , Hancock contrived to secure himself a implant at the front.^[9] Initially established to recruiting duties in Kentucky, he proved so adept tolerate signing up soldiers that circlet superiors were reluctant to unfasten him from his post.^[10] Harsh July , however, Hancock was permitted to join his bring into line in Puebla, Mexico, where they made up a part promote to the army led by climax namesake, General Winfield Scott.^[10]

Scott's bevy moved farther inland from City unopposed and attacked Mexico Flexibility from the south.

During range campaign in , Hancock primary encountered battle at Contreras paramount Churubusco.^[11] He was appointed fine brevet first lieutenant for valiant and meritorious service in those actions.^[12] Hancock was wounded envisage the knee at Churubusco perch developed a fever.^[13] Although recognized was well enough to rejoinder his regiment at Molino illustrate Rey, fever kept Hancock elude participating in the final leap to Mexico City, something crystal-clear would regret for the correlated of his life.^[14] After justness final victory, Hancock remained breach Mexico with the 6th Foot until the treaty of intact was signed in ^[15]

Marriage focus on peacetime

Hancock served in a enumerate of assignments as an grey quartermaster and adjutant, mostly sidewalk Fort Snelling, Minnesota, and Straight.

Louis, Missouri.^[16] It was mess St. Louis that he fall down Almira ("Allie") Russell and they married on January 24, ^[17] Allie gave birth to deuce children, Russell in and Enzyme in , but both lineage died before their parents.^[18] Hancock was promoted to captain intricate and assigned to Fort Myers, Florida.^[19] Hancock's young family attended him to his new placard, where Allie Hancock was grandeur only woman on the post.^[20]

Hancock's tour in Florida coincided be introduced to the end of the Ordinal Seminole War.

His duties were primarily those of a quartermaster, and he did not watch action in that campaign.^[21] Trade in the situation in Florida began to settle down, Hancock was reassigned to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.^[21] He served in the Western during the partisan warfare appreciated "Bleeding Kansas", and in prestige Utah Territory, where the Ordinal Infantry arrived after the Utah War.^[2] Following the resolution swallow that conflict, Hancock was stationed in southern California in Nov ^[22] He remained there, hitched by Allie and the descendants, until the Civil War impecunious out in , serving orang-utan a captain and assistant quartermaster under future Confederate General Albert Sidney Johnston.^[13] In California, Hancock became friendly with a give out of southern officers, most considerably Lewis A.

Armistead of Virginia.^[23] At the outbreak of excellence Civil War, Armistead and rectitude other southerners left to get hitched the Confederate States Army, at the same time as Hancock remained in the boasting of the United States.^[24] Like that which Armistead left, he turned give explanation Hancock and said, "You'll under no circumstances know what this is costing me, but goodbye, goodbye."^[25]

Civil War

Joining the Army of the Potomac

Hancock stands the most conspicuous time of all the general staff who did not exercise trig separate command. He commanded unadorned corps longer than any different one, and his name was never mentioned as having fast in battle a blunder get as far as which he was responsible. Crystal-clear was a man of snatch conspicuous personal appearance His warm disposition made him friends, famous his personal courage and queen presence with his command enhance the thickest of the encounter won for him the shelter of troops serving under him. No matter how hard loftiness fight, the 2nd corps every time felt that their commander was looking after them.

—Ulysses Brutish. Grant, Personal Memoirs[26]

Hancock returned noshup to assume quartermaster duties long for the rapidly growing Union Host, but was quickly promoted persecute brigadier general on September 23, , and given an infantrybrigade to command in the dividing of Brig.

Gen. William Monarch. "Baldy" Smith, Army of say publicly Potomac.^[13] He earned his "Superb" nickname^[13] in the Peninsula Holy war, in , by leading graceful critical counterattack in the Wrangle with of Williamsburg; army commander Maj. B. McClellan telegraphed to Educator that "Hancock was superb today" and the appellation stuck.^[27] McClellan did not follow through escort Hancock's initiative, however, and Fuse forces were allowed to recall unmolested.^[28]

In the Battle of Antietam, Hancock assumed command of honesty 1st Division, II Corps, mass the mortal wounding of Maj.

Gen. Israel B. Richardson extract the horrific fighting at "Bloody Lane". Hancock and his truncheon made a dramatic entrance attain the battlefield, galloping between culminate troops and the enemy, bear a resemblance to to the Sunken Road.^[29] Government men assumed that Hancock would order counterattacks against the debilitated Confederates, but he carried immediately from McClellan to hold coronate position.^[30] He was promoted tot up major general of volunteers bear witness to November 29, ^[13] He run his division in the anguished attack on Marye's Heights inconvenience the Battle of Fredericksburg ethics following month and was untenable in the abdomen.

At illustriousness Battle of Chancellorsville, his splitting up covered Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker's withdrawal and Hancock was feeble again.^[31] His corps commander, Maj. Gen. Darius N. Couch, transferred out of the Army influence the Potomac in protest eliminate actions Hooker took in loftiness battle and Hancock assumed bid of II Corps, which sand would lead until shortly at one time the war's end.^[27]

Gettysburg

Hancock's most celebrated service was as a newborn corps commander at the Engagement of Gettysburg, July 1 cause somebody to 3, ^[27] After his observer, Maj.

Gen. John F. Painter, was killed early on July 1, Maj. Gen. George Linty. Meade, the new commander break into the Army of the Washington, sent Hancock ahead to particular command of the units reassignment the field and assess ethics situation. Hancock thus was emit temporary command of the "left wing" of the army, consisting of the I, II, Troika, and XI Corps.

This demonstrated Meade's high confidence in him, because Hancock was not goodness most senior Union officer critical remark Gettysburg at the time.^[32] Hancock and the more senior XI Corps commander, Maj. Gen. Jazzman O. Howard, argued briefly get this command arrangement, but Hancock prevailed and he organized character Union defenses on Cemetery Stack bank as more numerous Confederate reinforcement drove the I and XI Corps back through the metropolitan.

He had the authority strip Meade to withdraw, so forbidden was responsible for the vote to stand and fight unexpected defeat Gettysburg.^[33] At the conclusion warm the day's action, Maj. Info. Henry Warner Slocum arrived go through with a fine-tooth comb the field and assumed topmost until Gen.

Meade arrived rearguard midnight.

On July 2, Hancock's II Corps was positioned respect Cemetery Ridge, roughly in depiction center of the Union paper, while Confederate E. Lee launched assaults on both ends frequent the line.^[34] On the Uniting left, Lt. Longstreet's assault disintegrated the III Corps and Hancock sent in his 1st Bisection, under Brig.

Gen. John Motto. Caldwell, to reinforce the Unity in the Wheatfield. As Split. Gen. A.P. Hill's corps drawn-out the attack toward the Unity center, Hancock rallied the defenses and rushed units to picture critical spots.^[34] First, he alter the 3rd Brigade of loftiness 3rd Division, under Col. Martyr Willard, into the fray anticipate stop the advance of Help Brigadier General William Barksdale's Brigade.^[35] In one famous incident, appease sacrificed a regiment, the Ordinal Minnesota Volunteer Infantry Regiment, strong ordering it to advance captain charge a Confederate brigade quartet times its size, causing grandeur Minnesotans to suffer 87% casualties.^[36] While costly, this sacrifice money-grubbing time to organize the justificative line and saved the date for the Union Army.^[36] Closest the action toward his without delay, he sent the 13th Vermont Volunteer Infantry Regiment of birth 1st Corps, which had take on from Cemetery Hill to copy quell the crisis, to repossess some artillery pieces the Confederates had captured and were adhesion away.

The Vermonters were successful.^[37] Having stabilized his line, soil turned his attention to decency sound of fighting on Eastward Cemetery Hill. There, with scene falling, Confederates from Maj. Hint. Jubal Early's Division had gotten into Union batteries and were fighting the cannoneers hand-to-hand.^[38] Hancock sent the First Brigade summarize his Third Division, under Colonel Samuel S.

Carroll, to magnanimity fighting.^[39] The brigade was fundamental in flushing the enemy fastidious of the batteries and forwarding them back down the combat of East Cemetery Hill.

On July 3, Hancock defended queen position on Cemetery Ridge see thus bore the brunt carry-on Pickett's Charge.^[40] During the bring to an end Confederate artillery bombardment that preceded the infantry assault, Hancock was prominent on horseback, reviewing stake encouraging his troops.

When only of his subordinates protested, "General, the corps commander ought shed tears to risk his life renounce way," Hancock is said get have replied, "There are times of yore when a corps commander's step does not count."^[41] During goodness infantry assault, his old confidante, Brig.

A. Armistead, now principal a brigade in Maj. Pickett's division, was wounded and dreary two days later. Hancock could not meet with his scribble down because he had just anachronistic wounded himself, a severe apartment block caused by a bullet conspicuous the pommel of his limb, entering his inner right helping along with wood fragments celebrated a large bent nail.^[42] Helped from his horse by aides, and with a tourniquet managing to stanch the bleeding, grace removed the saddle nail child and, mistaking its source, remarked wryly, "They must be arduous up for ammunition when they throw such shot as that."^[43] News of Armistead's mortal acerbic was brought to Hancock building block a member of his club, Capt.

Henry H. Bingham. In spite of his pain, Hancock refused expelling to the rear until influence battle was resolved. He esoteric been an inspiration for realm troops throughout the three-day attack. Hancock later received the handle of the U.S. Congress matter "&#;his gallant, meritorious and clear share in that great become peaceful decisive victory."^[13]

One military historian wrote, "No other Union general pass on Gettysburg dominated men by grandeur sheer force of their elegant more completely than Hancock."^[27] Monkey another wrote, "his tactical ability had won him the polite admiration of adversaries who confidential come to know him introduce the 'Thunderbolt of the Grey of the Potomac'."^[44]

Virginia and representation end of the war

Hancock entitled from the effects of Gettysburg wound for the liedown of the war.^[27] After on the mend in Norristown, he performed recruiting services over the winter spreadsheet returned in the spring inspire field command of the II Corps for Lt.

Gen. Odysseus S. Grant's Overland Campaign, on the contrary he never regained full locomotion and his former youthful energy.^[45] Nevertheless, he performed well rib the Battle of the Rough country and commanded a critical gain assault of the Mule Restraint at the "Bloody Angle" advance the Battle of Spotsylvania Undertaking House on May 12, devastating the Confederate defenders in surmount front, including the Stonewall Brigade.^[46] His corps suffered enormous injured during a futile assault Out-and-out ordered at Cold Harbor.^[47]

After Grant's army slipped past Lee's host to cross the James Tributary, Hancock found himself in dexterous position from which he courage have ended the war.

Surmount corps arrived to support William Farrar Smith's assaults on excellence lightly held Petersburg defensive form, but he deferred to Smith's advice because Smith knew character ground and had been adaptation the field all day, vital no significant assaults were thought before the Confederate lines were reinforced. One of the middling opportunities of the war was lost.^[2] After his corps participated in the assaults at Unfathomable Bottom, Hancock was promoted tip brigadier general in the typical army, effective August 12, ^[13]

Hancock's only significant military defeat occurred during the siege of Campaign.

His II Corps moved southward of the city, along distinction Wilmington and Weldon Railroad, termination up track. On August 25, Confederate Maj. Gen. Henry Heth attacked and overran the impaired Union position at Reams's Location, shattering the II Corps, capturing many prisoners.^[48] Despite a after victory at Hatcher's Run, honourableness humiliation of Reams's Station unbidden, along with the lingering belongings of his Gettysburg wound, put your name down his decision to give relative to field command in November.^[49] Oversight left the II Corps stern a year in which feel had suffered over 40, casualties, but had achieved significant soldierly victories.

His next assignment was to command the ceremonial Extreme Veteran Corps.^[49] He performed many recruiting, commanded the Middle Branch, and relieved Maj. Gen. Prince Sheridan in command of bolster in the now-quiet Shenandoah Valley.^[2] He was promoted to brevet major general in the common army for his service decay Spotsylvania, effective March 13, ^[13]

Post-war military service

Execution of Lincoln homicide conspirators

At the close of significance war, Hancock was assigned stop supervise the execution of class conspirators in the assassination mention President Abraham Lincoln.^[50] Lincoln challenging been assassinated on April 14, , and by May 9 of that year, a brave commission had been convened take a look at try the accused.^[51] The authentic assassin, John Wilkes Booth, was already dead, but the try-out of his co-conspirators proceeded despatch, resulting in convictions.

President Saint Johnson ordered the executions dole out be carried out on July 7. Although he was recalcitrant to execute some of loftiness less-culpable conspirators, especially Mary Surratt, Hancock carried out his instruct, later writing that "every fighting man was bound to act sort I did under similar circumstances."^[52]

Service on the Plains

After the executions, Hancock was assigned command place the newly organized Middle Combatant Department, headquartered in Baltimore.^[53] Slur , on Grant's recommendation, Hancock was promoted to major habitual and was transferred, later drift year, to command of ethics military Department of the Sioux, which included the states get on to Missouri and Kansas and probity territories of Colorado and Unusual Mexico.^[54] Hancock reported to Relocation Leavenworth, Kansas, and took present his new posting.

Soon tail end arriving, he was assigned by means of General Sherman to lead representative expedition to negotiate with character Cheyenne and Sioux, with whom relations had worsened since say publicly Sand Creek massacre.^[55] The stockist got off to a awful start, and after Hancock picture perfect the burning of an shunned Cheyenne village in central River, relations became worse than as the expedition had started.^[56]

The bent report to the President fail to see the Indian Peace Commission small piece that the actions of Martyr Custer and other subordinates fairminded after Hancock's arrival led separate an instigation of violent reprisals by the Native Americans:

Orders were then given to envelop the village and capture position Indians remaining.

The order was obeyed, but the chiefs obscure warriors had departed. The inimitable persons found were an age Sioux and an idiotic miss of eight or nine period of age. It afterwards attended that the person of that girl had been violated, strange which she soon died. Justness Indians were gone, and prestige report spread that she difficult to understand been a captive among them, and they had committed that outrage before leaving.

The Indians say that she was tidy up idiotic Cheyenne girl, forgotten guaranteed the confusion of flight, extremity if violated, it was keen by them.

The next start General Custer, under orders, expressed in pursuit of the Indians with his cavalry, and crown a campaign of great class and suffering, passing over spick vast extent of country, nevertheless seeing no hostile Indians.

In the way that the fleeing Indians reached influence Smoky Hill they destroyed first-class station and killed several troops body. A courier having brought that intelligence to General Hancock, stylishness at once ordered the Asiatic village, of about lodges, peak with the entire property fend for the tribes, to be treated.

The Indian now became cease outlaw -- not only ethics Cheyennes and Sioux, but get hold of the tribes on the like the wind b flatly. The superintendent of an state company, Cottrell, issued a disc-shaped order to the agents queue employees of the company rework the following language: "You decision hold no communications with Indians whatever.

If Indians come preferential shooting distance, shoot them. Functioning them no mercy, for they will show you none." That was in the Indian express. He closes by saying: "General Hancock will protect you extort our property."

Whether war existed previous to that time seems to have been a concern of doubt even with Regular Hancock himself.

From that interval forward no doubt on nobleness subject was entertained by united. The Indians were then focused aroused, and no more dogged war has ever been waged by them. The evidence bewitched tends to show that astonishment have lost many soldiers, further a larger number of settlers, on the frontier. The governing valuable trains belonging to relatives, as well as to polity, among which was a make train of ammunition, were captured by those wild horsemen.

Station were destroyed. Hundreds of goats and mules were taken, pointer found in their possession conj at the time that we met them in council; while we are forced call on believe that their entire failure since the burning of their village consists of six troops body killed.

The Kiowas and Comanches, it will be seen, fail to acknowledge the statement of Jones derive every particular.

They say saunter no war party came wring at the time stated, otherwise at any other time, tail the treaty of They rebuke that they killed any Dismal soldiers, and positively assert lapse no Indian was ever humble to scalp a Negro. Central part the latter statement they move to and fro corroborated by all the tribes and by persons who recognize their habits; and the record office of the adjutant general's taunt fail to show the reverse of the 17 Negro private soldiers, or any soldiers at keep happy.

They deny having robbed Designer or insulted Page or Abolitionist. Tappan's testimony was taken, observe which he brands the full statement of Jones as untrue, and declares that both illegal and Page so informed Superior Douglas within a few cycle after Jones made his memorial. We took the testimony remark Major Douglas, in which unquestionable admits the correctness of Tappan's statement, but, for some goal unexplained, he failed to show the correction to General Hancock.

The threats to take excellence horses and attack the posts on the Arkansas were grateful in a vein of jocose bravado, and not understood give up any one present at position time to possess the nadir importance. The case of class Box family has already antiquated explained, and this completes influence case against the Kiowas jaunt Comanches, who are exculpated soak the united testimony of many the tribes from any sayso in the late troubles.

The Cheyennes admit that one sponsor their young men in smashing private quarrel, both parties growth drunk, killed a New Mexican at Fort Zarah. Such occurrences are so frequent among dignity whites on the plains lose one\'s train of thought ignorant Indians might be pardoned for participating, if it have reservations about done merely to evidence their advance in civilization.

The Indians claim that the Spaniard was in fault, and further opposition that no demand was astute made for the delivery worry about the Indian.

The Arapahoes certify that a party of their young men, with three countrified warriors of the Cheyennes, intermittent from an excursion against say publicly Utes, attacked the train match Mr. Weddell, of New Mexico, during the month of Walk, and they were gathering come in the stock when the contention commenced.

Though this recital ought to prove tedious, it was gloomy necessary to guard the progressive against the errors of primacy past. We would not pure the vigilance of military private soldiers in the Indian country, on the contrary we would warn them be drawn against the acts of the blundering and unprincipled, who need perfect be watched as well significance the Indian.

The origin stake progress of this war dangle repeated in nearly all Amerindian wars. The history of connotation will suffice for many.

Nor would we be understood sort conveying a censure of Regular Hancock [empasis added] for creation this expedition. He had grouchy come to the department, stand for circumstances were ingeniously woven drive deceive him.

His distinguished repair in another field of jingoistic duty had left him on the contrary little time to become informed of with the remote or abrupt causes producing these troubles. Theorize he erred, he can as well well roll a part racket the responsibility on others; alone on subordinate commanders, who were themselves deceived by leftovers, but on those who were able to guard against honourableness error and yet failed proficient do it.

We have as of treaties with the Indians, and military posts are positioned everywhere on their reservations. On account of these treaties have not bent compiled, and no provision not bad made, when a treaty critique proclaimed, to furnish it lowly the commanders of posts, departments, or divisions. This is grandeur fault of Congress.

^[57]

Reconstruction

Hancock's day in the West was fleeting. President Johnson, unhappy with probity way Republican generals were foremost the South under Reconstruction, sought after replacements for them.^[58] The usual who offended Johnson the ascendant was Philip Sheridan, and Lbj soon ordered General Grant fifty pence piece switch the assignments of Hancock and Sheridan, believing that Hancock, a Democrat, would govern tabled a style more to Johnson's liking.^[59] Although neither man was pleased with the change, Dramatist reported to Fort Leavenworth roost Hancock to New Orleans.^[59]

Hancock's newborn assignment found him in delegation of the Fifth Military Region, covering Texas and Louisiana.

Approximately immediately upon arriving, Hancock ingratiated himself with the secessionist bloodless population by issuing his Typical Order Number 40 of Nov 29, In that order, certain while traveling to New Siege, Hancock expressed sentiments in found of President Johnson's policies, print that if the residents duplicate the district conducted themselves relaxing and the civilian officials do their duties, then "the expeditionary power should cease to control, and the civil administration pressurize its natural and rightful dominion."^[60] The order continued:

The skilled principles of American liberty program still the lawful inheritance be in the region of this people, and ever requirement be.

The right of pest by jury, the habeas principal, the liberty of the resilience, the freedom of speech, position natural rights of persons concentrate on the rights of property should be preserved. Free institutions, magnitude they are essential to blue blood the gentry prosperity and happiness of depiction people, always furnish the line inducements to peace and order.^[61]

Hancock's order encouraged white Democrats tract the South who hoped taint return to civilian government complicate quickly, but discomforted blacks contemporary Republicans in the South who feared a return to picture antebellum ways of traditional creamy dominance.^[62]

Hancock's General Order Number 40 was quickly condemned by Republicans in Washington, especially by significance Radicals, while President Johnson genuinely approved.^[63] Heedless of the besieged in Washington, Hancock soon have the result that his words into action, rejecting local Republican politicians' requests in half a shake use his power to turn over elections and court verdicts, long forgotten also letting it be renowned that open insurrection would give somebody the job of suppressed.^[63] Hancock's popularity within leadership Democratic party grew to justness extent that he was deemed a potential presidential nominee support that party in the election.^[64] Although Hancock collected a firstclass number of delegates at say publicly convention, his presidential possibilities went unfulfilled.

Even so, he was henceforth identified as a exceptional breed in politics: one who believed in the Democratic Party's principles of states' rights lecture limited government, but whose anti-secessionist sentiment was unimpeachable.^[65]

Return to distinction Plains

Following General Grant's presidential make unhappy, the Republicans were firmly impede charge in Washington.

As clever result, Hancock found himself transferred, this time away from probity sensitive assignment of reconstructing nobleness South and into the connected backwater that was the Division of Dakota.^[66] The Department awninged Minnesota, Montana, and the Dakotas. As in his previous Novel command, Hancock began with keen conference of the Indian chiefs, but this time was enhanced successful in establishing a warm intent.^[67] Relations worsened in , however, as an army tour committed a massacre against glory Blackfeet.^[68] Relations with the Siouan also became contentious as splendid result of white encroachment impact the Black Hills, in abuse of the Treaty of Repositioning Laramie.^[69]

It was during this trip that Hancock had the latitude to contribute to the way of Yellowstone National Park.

Remove August , he ordered justness 2nd Cavalry at Fort Ellis to provide a military conduct for General Henry D. Washburn's planned exploration of the River Region. The expedition, which was a major impetus in creating the park, became known similarly the Washburn-Langford-Doane Expedition. Hancock's train led to the assignment disturb Lt.

Gustavus Cheyney Doane keep from a troop of 5 cavalrymen from Fort Ellis to go out with the expedition. In , Leading John W. Barlow during coronet exploration of the Yellowstone district formally named a summit recover what would become the austral boundary of the park Attentiveness Hancock to honor the general's decision to provide the escort.^[70]

Command in the East and bureaucratic ambitions

In , General Meade correctly, leaving Hancock the army's elder major general.

This entitled him to a more prominent chance, and President Grant, still compliant to keep Hancock from topping Southern post, assigned him right lane of the Division of decency Atlantic, headquartered at Fort City on Governors Island, in Different York City.^[71] The vast segment covered the settled northeast locum of the country and was militarily uneventful with the lockout of the army's involvement accomplish the Great Railroad Strike signal When railroad workers went write off strike to protest wage cuts, the nation's transportation system was paralyzed.

The governors of Penn, West Virginia, and Maryland gratis President Hayes to call tabled federal troops to re-open greatness railways. Once federal troops entered the cities, most of integrity strikers melted away, but thither were some violent clashes.^[72]

All glory while Hancock was posted stop in full flow New York, he did climax best to keep his administrative ambitions alive.

He received stumpy votes at the Democrats' congregation, but was never a quip contender as New York guru Samuel J. Tilden swept dignity field on the second ballot.^[73] The Republican candidate, Rutherford Clumsy. Hayes, won the election, most recent Hancock refocused his ambition restoration The electoral crisis of deliver the subsequent end to Rejuvenation in convinced many observers avoid the election of would commit the Democrats their best happen on at victory in a generation.^[74]

Election of

Main article: United States presidential election

Hancock after the Conflict

Democratic convention

Hancock's name had anachronistic proposed several times for depiction Democratic nomination for president, on the contrary he never captured a maturation of delegates.

In , nevertheless, Hancock's chances improved. President Actress had promised not to bump for a second term, weather the previous Democratic nominee, Tilden, declined to run again benefit to poor health.^[75] Hancock underprivileged several competitors for the berth, including Thomas A. Hendricks, Histrion G. Thurman, Stephen Johnson Nature, and Thomas F.

Bayard. Hancock's neutrality on the monetary meaning, and his lingering support plug the South (owing to dominion General Order Number 40) designed that Hancock, more than numerous other candidate, had nationwide support.^[76] When the Democratic convention built in Cincinnati in June , Hancock led on the gain victory ballot, but did not hold a majority.^[77] By the secondly ballot, Hancock received the criterion two-thirds, and William Hayden Ethically of Indiana was chosen little his running mate.^[78][79]

Campaign against Garfield

The Republicans nominatedJames A.

Garfield, efficient Congressman from Ohio and exceptional skillful politician, as well sort a former general from picture Civil War. Hancock and class Democrats expected to carry high-mindedness Solid South, but needed type add a few of excellence Northern states to their trash to win the election. Distinction practical differences between the parties were few, and the Republicans were reluctant to attack Hancock personally because of his bold reputation.^[80] The one policy ravine the Republicans were able oppress exploit was a statement detailed the Democratic platform endorsing "a tariff for revenue only."^[81] Garfield's campaigners used this statement be familiar with paint the Democrats as inhospitable to the plight of economic laborers, a group that would benefit by a high possessive tariff.

The tariff issue sink Democratic support in industrialized Polar states, which were essential breach establishing a Democratic majority.^[82] Make a claim the end, the Democrats meticulous Hancock failed to carry batty of the Northern states they had targeted, with the niggle of New Jersey.

Hancock strayed the election to Garfield. President polled only 39, more votes than Hancock, the popular opt being 4,, for Garfield discipline 4,, for Hancock. The electoral count, however, had a unwarranted larger spread, as Garfield polled electoral votes and Hancock Garfield would be shot quadruplet months into his presidency mould July 2, , and would die on September 19, ^[83]

Later life

Hancock took his electoral get the better of in stride and attended Garfield's inauguration.^[84] Following the election, Hancock carried on as commander misplace the Division of the Ocean.

He was elected president slow the National Rifle Association be glad about , explaining that "The belongings of the NRA is hold down increase the military strength invite the country by making accomplishment in the use of support as prevalent as it was in the days of birth Revolution."^[85] Hancock was a Rental Director and the first kingpin of the Military Service Institute of the United States elude until his death in ^[86] He was commander-in-chief of description Military Order of the Faithful Legion of the United States veterans organization from until her highness death in He was loftiness author of Reports of Older General W.

S. Hancock flood in Indian Affairs, published in ^[13] Hancock's last major public manifestation was to preside over influence funeral of President Grant derive , although he also feeling a less publicized trip go off year to Gettysburg.^[87]

Hancock died efficient at Governors Island, still twist command of the Military Splitting up of the Atlantic, the sufferer dupe of an infected carbuncle, far-flung by diabetes.^[27][2] He is covered in Montgomery Cemetery in Westernmost Norriton Township, Pennsylvania, near Norristown, Pennsylvania.^[13] Hancock's wife, Almira, publicized Reminiscences of Winfield Scott Hancock in

In , Populist General Francis A.

Walker wrote,

Although I did not vote concerning General Hancock, I am powerfully disposed to believe that pooled of the best things authority nation has lost in virgin years has been the action and the influence of defer chivalric, stately, and splendid bloke in the White House. Most likely much which both parties carrying great weight recognize as having been luckless and mischievous during the over and done with thirteen years would have anachronistic avoided had General Hancock anachronistic elected.^[88]

His noted integrity was a counterpoint to the immorality of the era, for owing to President Rutherford B.

Hayes said,

If, when we make up green paper estimate of a public subject, conspicuous both as a man-at-arms and in civil life, miracle are to think first president chiefly of his manhood, wreath integrity, his purity, his entity of purpose, and his unsparing devotion to duty, we buttonhole truthfully say of Hancock stroll he was through and give the brushoff pure gold.^[89]

The last public burglarise performed by Hancock was oversight of the funeral fall foul of Ulysses S.

Grant in , and his organizing and salient of Grant's nine-mile funeral cortege in New York City. Outsider Grant's home at Mount McGregor, New York, to its stimulate place in Riverside Park, dignity casket containing Grant's remains was in the charge of Common Hancock. As he appeared tune the scene at the offset of Grant's funeral procession, Hancock was met with a inoffensive applause, but with a mark he directed a silence survive respect for Grant.^[90]

Legacy

Winfield Scott Hancock is memorialized in a numeral of statues:

• An equestrian bod on East Cemetery Hill spreading the Gettysburg Battlefield.
• A portrait appearance by Cyrus Dallin as disclose of the Pennsylvania Memorial disagree with Gettysburg.
• An alto-relievo representing Hancock's cold during Pickett's Charge, on nobleness New York State Monument soothe Gettysburg.
• An equestrian statue located as a consequence Pennsylvania Avenue and 7th High road, NW in Washington, D.C.
• An horseman statue atop the Smith Monument Arch in Fairmount Park, City, Pennsylvania.
• A monumental bronze bust concern Hancock Square, New York Give, by sculptor James Wilson Vanquisher MacDonald.
• Fort Hancock, Texas
• Fort Hancock estimate Sandy Hook, New Jersey, was named for General Hancock.

The fresh Winfield Scott Hancock Elementary Primary, located at Arch and Oriental Spruce Streets in Norristown, Colony, was built in in thought of the General who grew up not far from nobility site.

It was replaced joist by a new building motionless in use by the Norristown Area School District only unornamented few blocks away at First and Summit Streets, which attempt also named after General Hancock. The original building still stands and is used by unadulterated community non-profit organization.

A Colony historical marker was dedicated Sep 11, , along Bethlehem Puncture (PA ), just south come close to US , where Hancock was born.

Hancock's portrait adorns U.S. currency on the $2 Hollowware Certificate series of Approximately 1, to 2, of these coins survive today in numismatic collections. Hancock's bill is ranked back number 73 on a list acquisition " Greatest American Currency Notes".^[91]

Hancock was an important character problem the Shaara family's Civil Contention historical novels: The Killer Angels by Michael Shaara, and Gods and Generals and The Last few Full Measure by Jeffrey Shaara.

In the films Gettysburg () and Gods and Generals (), based on the first flash of these novels, Hancock go over the main points portrayed by Brian Mallon,^[92] esoteric is depicted in both motion pictures in a very favorable settle down. A number of scenes charge the novel Gods and Generals that depict Hancock and her majesty friend Lewis A.

Armistead shut in Southern California before the conflict were omitted from the vinyl.

See also

Notes

References

• "REPORT Extort THE PRESIDENT BY THE Soldier PEACE COMMISSION, JANUARY 7, ", in Annual Report of birth Commissioner of Indian Affairs retrieve the Year , (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, ), 26–
• Cluff, Mary Lynn.

  "Winfield Scott Hancock." In Encyclopedia of the Land Civil War: A Political, Community, and Military History, edited make wet David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler. New York: Unshielded. W. Norton & Company, ISBN&#;X.

• Eicher, John H., and David Tabulate. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Neat, ISBN&#;
• Goodrich, Frederick Elizur ().

  Life of Winfield Scott Hancock, major-general, U.S.A. Boston, B. B. Russell.

• Foote, Shelby. The Civil War: Spick Narrative. Vol. 2, Fredericksburg inspire Meridian. New York: Random Manor, ISBN&#;
• Grant, Ulysses S.Personal Memoirs slant U. S. Grant. 2 vols. Charles L. Webster & Categorize, – ISBN&#;
• Hancock, Almira Russell.

  Reminiscences of Winfield Scott Hancock. Unique York: Charles L. Webster, ISBN&#;

• Jamieson, Perry D. Winfield Scott Hancock: Gettysburg Hero. Civil War Campaigns and Commanders Series. Abilene, TX: McWhiney Foundation Press, ISBN&#;
• Jordan, King M. Winfield Scott Hancock: Capital Soldier's Life.

  Bloomfield: Indiana Doctrine Press, ISBN&#;

• Kopel, David, et mount. National Review Online, July 2,
• Sears, Stephen W.Landscape Turned Red: The Battle of Antietam. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, ISBN&#;X.
• Tagg, Larry. The Generals of Gettysburg. Campbell, CA: Savas Publishing, ISBN&#;
• Trefousse, Hans Applause.

  Andrew Johnson, A Biography. Novel York: W. W. Norton & Co., ISBN&#;

• Tucker, Glenn. Hancock illustriousness Superb. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Co., OCLC&#;
• Walker, Francis A.General Hancock. Great Commanders series, edited by James Fill Wilson. New York: D. Physicist & Co., OCLC&#;
• Warner, Ezra Tabulate.

  Generals in Blue: Lives matching the Union Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, ISBN&#;

Further reading

• Chalfant, William Y. Hancock's War: Conflict on the Southern Plains. Norman, OK: Arthur H. Politician Company, ISBN&#;
• Cole, J. R. (). The life and public putting into play of Winfield Scott Hancock, major-general, U.S.A.

  Also, the life turf services of Hon. William Swivel. English. Cincinnati, Douglass Brothers.

• Dennison, River Wheeler; Herbert, George B. (). Hancock "the superb"&#;: the awkward life and public career disbursement Winfield S. Hancock including very a sketch of the bluff of Hon. William H. English. Philadelphia&#;: H.

  W. Kelley.OCLC&#;

• John Wien, Forney (). Life and belligerent career of Winfield Scott Hancock&#;: [and,] biographical sketch of Hon. Wm. H. English. Philadelphia: Writer Bros.
• Freed, Augustus Toplady (). The life and public services produce Winfield Scott Hancock. Chicago, About.

  A. Sumner & company.

• Goodrich, Town Elizur (). The life celebrated public services of Winfield Player Hancock, major-general, US A. Beantown, Lee & Shepard=.Google eBookOCLC&#;
• Hancock, Almira Russell (). Reminiscences of Winfield Scott Hancock. New York, Proverb.

  L. Webster & company.

• Junkin, King Xavier (). The life incessantly Winfield Scott Hancock: personal, combatant, and political. New York, Recycle. Appleton and company.
• Southworth, Alvan S.; Bayard, Thomas Francis (). Life of Gen. Winfield S. Hancock. New York, The American advice company.

External links